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FOUCAULT – Power
* Foucault’s concept of modern disciplinary power
- Power is a set of ever-changing relations.
- Power is not possessed but exercised. By exercising power certain relationship is being built. (e.g. patriarchy: power operates to shape certain types of people, certain desires and relationships.)
- Thus, power is not necessarily repressive, but rather productive. There is always resistance.
* Disciplinary power
- Based on classification, surveillance and control of individuals.
- Modern power (based on routine surveillance)
- Creation of new forms of knowledge such as medicine, criminology and sexology in hierarchical categories. Knowledge is produced by discourses.
- The role of medicine, criminal justice, psychiatry is to produce new forms of power and knowledge over bodies.
- Development of disciplinary techniques. Exercised on the bodies of individual
- Collection of knowledge of individual and population (e.g. fertility rate)
* Biopower – thought of as a subject of disciplinary power
- From right of death to power over life. Power to foster life.
- Power is to govern people (e.g. demographic, statistics are important for the govt. to build policies)
- Biopower aims to govern a population’s life forces. (as the medium for the play of power)
: the body comes to be linked to new political rationalities specifically located within new technologies of biopower.
- These two forms come together in broad ‘technologies of power/knowledge’.
Two forms: 1) The anatomic-politics of the human body (Body as a machine)
(focus on the discipline of the individual body to normalise their comportment)
2) The bio-politics of the population (the regulation of the population)
(population become new objective power that could be managed, e.g. baby bonus, life protecting laws)
- We become ‘self-regulating’ subjects who monitor our health and act to reduce our ‘risk factors’.
- Surveillance is central to biopower and is institutionalised through the types of disciplinary techniques, which result in the production of ‘docile bodies’.
- Biopolitics become a scientific and political problem to be known categorised and governed.
- Their supervision was effected through an entire series of interventions and regulatory controls.
- Biopower is an individualising and a totalising form of power.
* Biopower since 1984
- Capitalism and the modern nation state are impossible without biopower. (142-3)
- Medicine shifts its focus from curing disease to health, risk and prevention.
- Expansion of biological knowledge: genetics, genomics, neuroscience.
- Scientific development and biomedicine in the context of state and law (how these are used)
- Biological discourse has come to understand our body.
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