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    The Lord of the Flies
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The Lord of the Flies

The Lord of the Flies


Montage to illustrate The Lord of the Flies by William Golding

Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding about a group of young boys who are stranded on a island and subsequently attempt to govern themselves, a task at which they fail disastrously. Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 70 on the American Library Association's list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000.


Nobel Laureate William GoldingPublished in 1954, Lord of the Flies was Golding's first novel, and although it was not a great success at the time —selling fewer than 3,000 copies in the United States during 1955 before going out of print —it soon went on to become a bestseller, and by the early 1960s was required reading in many schools and colleges. It was adapted to film in 1963 by Peter Brook, and again in 1990 by Harry Hook.

The title is a reference to the Hebrew name Beelzebub Baal-zvuv, "God of the fly" or "host of the fly"), a name sometimes used as a synonym for Satan.


Contents


Plot summary Major themes War and human nature Ralph and the conch Piggy
Jack and the choirboys Roger Simon Sam and Eric / Samneric 
Other boys
Percival The beast The killing of the sow Flies Names
The signal fire The platform The glasses References to other works The Coral Island
Heart of Darkness and Pincher Martin Literary significance and criticism Lord of the Flies in popular culture Notes See also


Plot summary

The novel begins with a large number of young boys, ages 6 to 12, being stranded on a Tropical island. They were being evacuated and their plane has been shot down. The first two characters introduced are Ralph, an athletic and charismatic boy, and "Piggy", a fat boy with glasses who also suffers from asthma. The two boys obtain a conch and use it to call the other boys from across the island. The boys begin to discuss who should be their leader. Ralph is chosen by vote, but one other potential leader arises — Jack Merridew. Jack was a choir leader, and still acts as leader of the other castaway members of his choir. Because Ralph senses the threat he elects Jack to be the leader of the hunters (his choir). Ralph is elected as leader. Piggy is the least popular of the boys, but is intelligent, and becomes Ralph's "lieutenant". However, it is evident that Jack covets the leadership position. Then, Ralph takes Jack and Simon, another choir singer, to explore the island. During their exploration they find a trapped piglet. Jack pulls out a knife, but hesitates to kill it and it escapes. Jack vows never to hesitate again. Early on, the boys are full of optimism, and expect the island to be fun, despite the fact that many of the boys are scared of a "Beast" — allegedly some kind of dangerous wild animal on the island seen by one of the younger boys with a birthmark on his face.

The boys then make their first attempt at being rescued by starting a signal fire, lit by Piggy's glasses. The fire burns out of control, and scorches half of the island. The boy with a birthmark on his face who saw the "Beast" goes missing during the fire, and is never seen again.
The major characters Jack and Ralph have conflicting aims for the island, and life on the island begins to deteriorate, and becomes more and more disorganized. The island's descent into chaos starts, ironically, with the potential for rescue by a passing ship. Jack had led a group off hunting, and took with him the boys who were tending to the signal fire, (the twins, Sam and Eric) so the ship sailed past without knowing of the boys on the island. An intense argument ensues, in which one lens of Piggy's glasses is broken.

Although the signal fire is maintained along with a false sense of security, the order among the boys quickly deteriorates as Jack and Ralph continue to struggle for power. Jack pushes the boundaries of his subordinate role, and eventually becomes a tyrant.

As the novel takes place during a war, a dogfight between two planes occurs over the island. One of the pilots parachutes out of his plane, but dies upon or before landing. Two twins, Sam and Eric ("Samneric", as they become known) assume that the pilot is the Beast when they see him in the dark, causing mass panic. An expedition to investigate leads to Ralph, Jack, and Roger, a choir boy, ascending the mountain, but they eventually run away from what they believe is the Beast. Jack denounces Ralph as a coward, and calls for another election for chief, but does not receive a single vote. He leaves the group to create a new tribe. Most of the older boys eventually leave "Ralph's tribe" to join "Jack's tribe".

The new tribe hunts down a pig, and Jack decides to host a feast. Before that, they sever the pig's head and place it on a stick as an "offering" to the Beast. Flies swarm around the head of the pig. Simon comes across it, and through hallucination, the dead pig speaks to him. Its message foreshadows Simon's fate, and he runs down from the mountain to break the news about the dead pilot and being talked to by the "Lord of the Flies". However, in doing so, he is mistaken as the Beast by the other boys who were worked up in their war dance, and is beaten to death.

Ralph's tribe dwindles in number. Jack's larger, less civilized tribe, however, needs to steal from them to maintain their existence. They steal Piggy's glasses to light a fire. Piggy demands his glasses back, but is killed when Roger launches a boulder into him, crushing the conch shell and sending him over a cliff. Jack's tribe captures "Samneric" (the last of the older boys apart from Piggy who stick with Ralph) and force them into their tribe. Jack tries and fails to kill Ralph, and the next day, his tribe tries to hunt him down. In doing this, they set a forest fire, which is seen by a passing naval vessel, and one of the ship's officers comes ashore and rescues the boys. Ralph's brush with death is tinged with irony; Ralph had always pushed for a fire to be kept, but the fire that leads to their rescue was originally lit to kill him. For the first time on the island, Ralph cries, weeping for the "end of innocence", "darkness of man's heart", and his friend, Piggy.


Major themes

War and human nature
At the beginning of the novel, the boys are being evacuated from England by plane, presumably to keep them safe from the Cold War, which is in the future. The term "Reds" is mentioned (possibly giving the notion that the war was against the Soviets). However, there was quite a large amount of tension between the Soviet Union and the UK, or more particularly, Stalin and Churchill, during World War II, so "Reds" could simply show the British boys' scorn for the Soviets. The island becomes a microcosm of the self-destructive society that sent them away. Their failure to create stability and decency mimics the larger failure of the grownups to do the same, and there is real ambiguity as to whether or not the children's rescue by the naval cruiser at the end of the novel represents any real end to their danger.


Ralph and the conch

Ralph may represent democracy as he is leader by a democratic vote, and attempts to please the majority. He can also be interpreted as a representation of the ego, which governs the id and is associated with practicality.

The conch shell becomes a powerful symbol of civilization and order in the novel. Piggy tries desperately to protect it and when he dies, it is also destroyed. The shell effectively governs the boys’ meetings, for the boy who holds the shell holds the right to speak. As the island civilization erodes and the boys descend into savagery, the conch loses its power and influence among them. Its appearance, or its gradual loss of color from exposure to the air, may also parallel their descent. The other boys ignore Ralph and throw stones at him when he attempts to blow the conch in Jack’s camp. The boulder that Roger rolls onto Piggy also crushes the conch, signifying the end of the civilized instinct among almost all the boys on the island. When Piggy and the conch are destroyed, Jack jumps up and yells "...There is no tribe for you anymore. The conch is gone-I am chief!" This is the point at which Jack finally wrestles all control from Ralph, and without the powerful symbol of the conch to protect him, he must run from Jack's hunters who now have no inhibitions against killing him.

Piggy

Piggy may represent rational thinking as he is logical, but unpopular; eventually Ralph realises how much he depended on him and his logic, admitting "I can't think. Not like Piggy." He is arguably the most rational boy in the group, and as such his glasses may represent intuition and intelligence (they can also represent science, as can Piggy). This symbolism is evident from the start of the novel, when the boys use the lenses from Piggy’s glasses to focus the sunlight and start a fire.

When Jack’s hunters raid Ralph’s camp and steal the glasses, the savages subsequently take the power to make fire, leaving Ralph’s group helpless. The physical state of the glasses may also represent the state of the social order on the island, for as their condition deteriorates, so does the order and organization of the boys. Piggy's fatness and asthma, which mark him as an outcast, can also be viewed as emblematic of how the superego, and, thus, civilized thinking, are ill-suited for this environment and are rejected as useless. The power of his glasses to make fire is also a reference to how the products of science can be useful, but the science itself isn't. Piggy might also represent Socrates, because, as in Plato's Apology, his high intelligence and plain speaking only create more problems for him, and lead to his eventual death.

Piggy's hair didn't grow as the others did throughout the story, and though it isn't said whether or not he cut it,but it is assumed he didn't. This represents that as the boys fell deeper into savagery they became more wild; long haired, dirty, temperamental, etc... While Piggy did not, the only thing that can challenge this is that he took part in the murder of Simon.

Piggy is the most feminine character in the story, and is almost a mother figure for the "littluns". Piggy is physically weak but mentally strong. Piggy discovers the conch, and he and the conch end their existence together. Throughout the story Piggy blames those who does not act proper of "acting like a crowd of kids" and always asks "what would the adults think?" to further enforce his point. In addition, like Piggy, the Sow (‘Pig.' 'Piggy!’) is a sort of mother figure; when she dies, so does most of the power of the conch. The pig is pink and rosy; Piggy is a rosy white; and the conch is also rosy and white.

Piggy's glasses may also represent civilization, as they are used by the boys to light the signal fires, which were the only hope for a return to civilization that they had on the island. When the first lens on Piggy's glasses is broken, it is a symbol that civilization on the island is breaking and falling apart. When the glasses are stolen by Jack's hunters, it is a sign that civilization is completely falling apart.


Jack and the choirboys

Jack, the tallest and strongest of the boys, may represent totalitarianism as he does not appreciate the results of the election, eventually using his strength, his aggressiveness, and his choirboy "militia" to seize power in a coup and rule alone, making himself chief and the other boys his tribe. Most obviously, he demonstrates Lord Acton's idea that "absolute power corrupts absolutely."

Jack may represent the opposition of democracy, dictatorship, or even the opposition of civilization itself--sheer atavistic savagery. Everyone must coordinate their actions by arbitrary rules, and he shows an obvious disrespect for the conch and its associations. In Jack's tribe, where fear and superstition go unchecked, the beast comes to seem more and more real until its existence is an article of faith. Jack, who gains authority from this atmosphere of dread by saying he'll protect the others from the beast, also succumbs to the fear himself.
Jack may also represent the id in contrast to Ralph as the Ego and Piggy as the Superego, respectively. The logic behind this is that Jack seeks to immediately satisfy the needs and act on instinct, fulfilling the description of the Id, while Ralph upholds the social norms of the Superego. Examples of this are both positive and negative. The positive is his commitment to democracy and teamwork, while the negative is his conventional mockery of social oddities, such as Piggy's thick specs, his obesity, and his "ass-mar", as he calls it in his lower class accent (reference to 'home counties').

Roger

Roger may represent pure evil (and can be the Devil himself), even more so than Jack, as he is Jack's toady, abetting all his worst instincts, and is sadistic. Early in the book, Roger throws rocks at a smaller boy, Henry, and only misses on purpose because "Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law." During the sow-hunt, he pushes his spear up the sow's anus, although the particular location is probably unintentional ("Roger found a lodgment for his point and began to push till he was leaning with his whole weight"). After nearly all of the boys on the island have joined Jack's tribe, Roger goes on to kill Piggy with a large boulder and tortures Samneric until they join Jack's tribe. He also plans Ralph's killing when they have captured him: Samneric tell Ralph that Roger sharpened a stick at both ends, much like the stick that the sow's head is impaled on, but do not elaborate further.


Simon


Simon may represent natural goodness because he is the only character on the island that continues being good even when the other boys forget about the rules of society. Some see similarities between him and Jesus, based on the religious references around Simon: his name (that of one of the disciples), his skill with carpentry and his killing at the hands of a team Simon is also seen on the island giving the little ones fruit from the tree that they cannot reach. Simon is the only one who can get the fruit for them, and indeed the only boy who would stop to help. Through him they get the fruit, much like through Christ, Christians receive salvation they cannot achieve on their own. Also, Simon's private sanctuary is a place with a high dome roof and candle-like flowers, suggests a cathedral, further establishing him as a spiritual, visionary character. His climb up and down the mountain to discover what the beast is is also long and arduous, much like Christ's carrying of the cross on the Via Dolorosa.Also, Simon freeing the parachutist can symbolize Jesus freeing mankind or man. Also, when he dies the strange attendant creatures that glow,"with their fiery eyes and trailing vapors, settle around him and could have settled around his head forming a halo.

With his superior insight, he sees most clearly that the children's civility is dying. This is made clear when he says "maybe it's only us" in reference to the beast. This demonstrates his intuitive knowledge that the fear and chaos come from the minds of the children and not from any outside agent.

Simon has been viewed as a Cassandra figure, able to predict the future but condemned to be disbelieved. Another interpretation is that he represents the poets and writers, much like Benjamin the Donkey in Animal Farm. Simon has a sense of many things which he cannot communicate to the others, and he is in touch with the darker side of humanity.
Both film versions omit the monologue of the Beast, addressed to Simon.


Sam and Eric / Samneric (the twins)

Sam and Eric, referred to in the first half as "Sam 'n' Eric" and the second half of the novel as "Samneric", may represent the masses, as they are impressionable and tend not to think for themselves.Thier allegorical representation in WWII could be nations forced into war by the Axis such as Belgium. They represent a mob mentality. Physically, Golding describes them as "barely having enough skin" to cover both: they are "stretched". They also are a representation of unity, due to the fact that every activity they participate in, they do together.


Other boys


The "littluns" are perhaps a representation of the masses or the plebeians who are easily swayed to support one group or another but who are needed by a leader to rule over.


Percival

Percival, the youngest of the "littluns", may represent innocence, emotion, and children. He is known as the character who frequently expresses emotions. He uses his address, Percival Wemys Madison, The Vicarage, Harcourt ..., as an incantation that comforts and reminds him of civilization. However, by the end of the novel he cannot even remember his own name. This shows how far the children have descended into savagery — so far that they have no recollection of the civilized world.


The beast

The "beast" may represent brutality, propaganda, and irrational fears, as it causes panic and ultimately allies the boys around Jack. The fact that there is no beast suggests that it is a representation of the evil in human nature. The Lord of the Flies (which is translated from Hebrew "Beelzebub", or "Ba'alzevuv". "Lord of the Flies" is said to be a mistranslation from a mistransliterated word, but it does sound pungent and evil, like that of a reference to the devil. A devil whose name implies a devotion to decay, destruction, demoralization, hysteria and panic is particularly fitting for this book.) and the "beast" represent the evil lurking within everyone's hearts, which, while not physical, is no less real. It may also be considered to be the religious belief of the island society, as it is not seen but its existence is rarely doubted, it is credited to what cannot be explained, and it is given offerings in an attempt to persuade it to spare the lives of the islanders. In this way, it is representative of what one might call "dark worship" — the worship of things that are inherently bad.

Simon's conversation with the Beast in the realm of his own mind is one of the most fascinating parts of the story, because the Beast tells him that it is immortal and finds all human action funny, leading one to wonder if there is some intelligence inside human evil — a reference to the devil, linking back to its name.

The author is believed to have written the novel shortly after World War II as a reflection on true human nature. Simon implies that he thinks the true beast is really human nature. The beast's actions seem to match Simon's theory. The beast and the children's fear of it is what eventually splits the one tribe into two competing tribes. The beast is only seen by the littl'uns (the most pure of the children). It leads to the death of three of the children (one death is implied) and the attempted murder of another. Taking into account the world events occurring when the novel was written, similarities can be drawn to World War II. The 'beast' of human nature (Hitler's holocaust, Japan's greed) divides the tribe (the world) into two parts. The idea the author tries to convey is that this 'beast' of human nature during World War II is not simply a one-time occurrence, but rather a fundamental flaw in human nature that is bound to be repeated until the world goes into total chaos, which is represented on the island when the jungle is being burned to the ground as a result of the manhunt for Ralph.


The killing of the sow

The sow is a mother: "sunk in deep maternal bliss lay the largest of the lot…the great bladder of her belly was fringed with a row of piglets that slept or burrowed and squeaked." The killing of the sow is done through bestiality and murder, referring to its driving force of sexuality, especially among the half-grown and prepubescent boys.

They remove the head of the sow and place it onto a stick that is jammed into the ground as a gift for the Beast, which seems to be lurking on the island. This shows their own irrational fears and blind terrors of the island and beast release the forces of death and the "devil" on the island.
The most symbolic incident of this is that of Simon and the sow head. To Simon, the head seems to be saying "Everything was a bad business... The half shut eyes that were dim with the infinite cynicism of adult life." Simon fought against what the head was saying. "Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill!" said the head. For a moment or two the forest and all the other dimly appreciated places echoes with laughter. "You knew, didn't you? I'm part of you? Close, close, close! I'm the reason why it's no go? Why things are the way they are?"
The pig's head tries to tell Simon that he cannot avoid the recognition of human capacities for evil and the superficial nature of human moral systems. It is the acknowledgment of the end of innocence.


Flies

The pig's head (The Lord of the Flies) may represent Satan, while the flies may represent devils and iniquitous and nefarious human beings. Simon represents Christ. Simon's confrontation with the Lord of the Flies may represent the Temptation of Jesus.

The flies which represent mortal evil choose the pig over Simon. This represents the way a number of humans choose to be evil instead of good and how doing evil bears more satisfactory fruit than doing good.


Names

The names of Ralph, Piggy, Simon, Jack, and Roger all have symbolic meaning. Ralph's name is derived from the Old English word for "wolf council," symbolizing Ralph's role as a leader who forms meetings and councils on the island. Piggy's name is meant to symbolise how he is vulnerable, just as the pigs on the island are. Piggy's name is also a reference to the Lord of the Flies, which is a pig's head. The pig's head holds its brain, therefore its intelligence. It is ironic, seeing as how the other boys mistreat him, while at the same time all of the brilliant ideas such as fire-making, shelters, and looking after the littluns, originated from him. The derogative nickname also shows the hostility towards him from the other boys. Jack's name is derived from the Hebrew name Jacob or Yakov, which literally means "supplanter" or "one who takes over", just as Jack took the role of leadership by force from Ralph. Simon's name, derived from the Hebrew name "Shim'on" means "one who listens" or "one who observes", symbolizing Simon's quiet, attentive behaviour. "Roger" means "famous with the spear."


The signal fire

The signal fire becomes a measure of the boys’ connection to civilization. In the early parts of the novel, the fact that the boys maintain the fire is perhaps a sign that they want to be rescued and return to society. When the fire burns low or goes out, it seems that the boys have lost sight of their desire to be rescued and have accepted their savage lives on the island. The signal fire thus functions as a kind of barometer of the strength of the civilized instinct remaining on the island. Ironically, at the end of the novel, a fire finally summons a ship to the island, but not the signal fire. Instead, it is the fire of savagery — the forest fire Jack’s "tribe" start as part of his quest to hunt and kill Ralph. The forest fire could also represent humanity's destruction of the environment to accomplish shortsighted goals. Even if they had not been rescued, they had burned down the fruit trees and probably killed most of the wild game, and thus would have eventually perished due to their actions. Another interpretation of the fact that the "savage" fire saved the boys on the island may be that the "Allied forces" liberation of Europe from the clutches of the Nazi regime which was due to the fact that Germany attacked Russia in "Operation Barbarrossa" and that the allies of Germany, namely Japan, attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor is an analogy to the boys' condition on the island. Had those attacks never occurred, the U.S and the U.S.S.R would have never joined the war and without their contribution, Europe's fate may have been sealed. In the same manner, Ralph's fate would have been to die at the hands of Jack's hunters, were it not for the fire and its smoke, which though intended to kill Ralph, ended up signaling the British cruiser and rescuing the boys, including him.


The platform

The platform may represent Parliament or Congress, for meetings and assemblies are held here. It is where the rules are created and where Ralph is elected by the boys to be their chief. There are many ties between the platform, as a place for speaking and debate, and the conch, which gives one the right to speak.


The glasses

As mentioned in the section on Piggy, the glasses are important in symbolizing the descent of the boys from civilization into savagery. In the beginning, they're clean and unbroken in the hands of their rightful owner. As the book continues, the glasses go through several phases. At the start, no one would have thought of taking them. No one wanted them. Then when it was realized what they could do, they were taken and tossed about among the boys, kept from the helpless Piggy until Ralph returned them. This could show that Piggy's rationality is lost at first when they are all shocked by the initial crash. When sense starts to return to the children, they go crazy with it, making suggestions like "televisions and submarines." Then they lose it again, returning the weight of thought to Piggy's shoulders. Later on, the glasses are broken in the fight that initially severed Ralph and Jack's friendship. The leaders, both desperate to be in charge, could have been shown to misuse knowledge in swaying their people, and to hurt each other. In this way, the memories of civilization could have been "broken." The children could remember some happiness, but they were also possibly reminded of the war ravaging their home. They could've been reminded that that did not exist on the island then. It was wild, but it was free. Then Jack leaves, taking half of the leadership with him. The glasses only have one broken lens. Thus, half of the sanity could be said have been lost to savagery. Afterwards, when Ralph and Piggy are bathing, Ralph splashes water at the glasses. He started to refute the knowledge, to give in to wildness. Piggy screams at him, and he pauses, but then continues to splash, doubting the only thing keeping them separate from the animals.

Despite that, the glasses start and end the novel with one similarity: they are held always with respect as the starters of the life-giving fire. Without some form of civilization, meat would be eaten raw, boys would sleep in the rain, and everything would fall into cannibalistic madness. Even in its most primitive form - broken glasses - logic is crucial in human survival.


Allusions/references to other works

The Coral Island

In 1857, R.M. Ballantyne wrote a book called The Coral Island. It portrayed three boys: Ralph, Peterkin and Jack (two of these names are transferred to Golding's book; Peterkin is altered to Simon, which is an allusion to the Bible "Simon called Peter") landing on an island, much like that in Lord of the Flies. They have great adventures, typical of much children's fiction written during the period of the British Empire — the book is not a realistic projection of what boys on a deserted island would do. However, it was very successful.

A number of references to The Coral Island are made in Lord of the Flies, as Golding wrote it as an indirect response.

Golding read The Coral Island as he was growing up, and thought of Ballantyne as racist, since the book teaches that evil is associated with black skin and is external. It is somewhat ironic then, that in Chapter 11 of Lord of the Flies, Piggy calls Jack's tribe "a pack of painted niggers." The term was not viewed as offensive in 1950s British society as it is today, being seen as a descriptive (rather than abusive) term for people of dark skin. (For instance, the word "nigger" played a prominent role in the 1954 British film The Dam Busters). In any case, the word was changed to "savages" in some editions and "Indians" in the Mass Media publication.
To a certain extent it can be said that Golding wrote this book as a response to The Coral Island, to show what boys would truly do if left alone on an island. In Chapter 2 the boys compare to what will happen "like in a book", saying it will be like "treasure island-", ""swallows and amazons-" and "coral island". Golding sets this to deliberately compare the two books, two different versions of boys activities when left on their own. When the officer is on the island at the end he says "like the coral island". This is once again comparing them, showing what would really happen.


Heart of Darkness and Pincher Martin

After Simon finishes talking with the Sow, he imagines he is looking into a vast mouth. "There was blackness within, a blackness that spread… Simon was inside the mouth. He fell down and lost consciousness."

The mouth also seems to be a reference to Conrad's Heart of Darkness: "I saw (the dying Kurtz) open his mouth wide—it gave him a weirdly voracious aspect, as though he wanted to swallow all the air, all the earth all the men before him".

E.L. Epstein wrote, in a critical note regarding the Lord of the Flies which appears at the end of certain editions, that this mouth "seems to represent a ravenous, unreasoning and eternally insatiable nature. This appears again in Golding's novel Pincher Martin, in which the development of the theme of Nature inimical to the conscious personality of man is developed in a stunning fashion."


Literary significance and criticism


Many people have interpreted Lord of the Flies as a work on moral philosophy. The environment of the island, a paradise with food, water, and other natural resources, is a metaphor for the Garden of Eden. The first appearance of the beast (to a littlun in a nightmare) is in a form reminiscent of a serpent, which represents evil in the Book of Genesis. One of the major themes of the book, on the nature of evil, is brought to a head in a scene in which Simon converses with the head of the pig, which is known as the "Lord of the Flies" (a literal translation of the Hebrew name of Ba'alzevuv, or Beelzebub) which is a powerful demon in hell, sometimes believed to be the devil himself. The conversation held also points to Simon as the character representing religion and good will in the novel, which is reminiscent of the temptation of Jesus in the wilderness. Some Christian readers allude the British Naval officers' rescue of the boys, as the second coming of Christ (Bible story in Revelation). The "Lord of the Flies" reveals that evil and the terror of the beast is not an external threat, but an inborn evil within the boys themselves.
Others have looked at the novel as a work on political philosophy. The stranding of the boys, without any adult supervision, represents a clean slate upon which they have the power to build a small society without reference to any past authorities (past governments, religion, etc.). The abundance of resources for sustaining life sets the stage for a utopia, or a perfect society. The actions of the boys demonstrate the spectrum of governments, with Ralph and Piggy representing democratic ideals while Jack represents more authoritarian systems, such as an absolute monarchy.

Jack, Ralph, and Piggy may also be compared to the id, ego and superego, respectively.


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Lord of the Flies in popular culture

In the movie Hook, Robin Williams compares the Lost Boys to the savages in Lord of the Flies.
An episode of The Simpsons titled "Das Bus" was a parody of Lord of the Flies, mirroring it in many ways (using glasses to make fire, having a conch to call meetings, a monster lurking in the forest of the island, stronger kids chasing after "the nerds" and other dissidents of the island). An early Simpsons episode, "Kamp Krusty," also makes reference to the novel during the sequence where the camp plunges into anarchy, but the only reference shown is the pig's head on a pike during Kent Brockman's newscast. The chants against Milhouse and company ("Kill the dorks!" "Bash their butts!" "Kick their shins!") is a direct parody of the "Kill the Pig" chant in Lord of the Flies.

English heavy metal band Iron Maiden composed a song about the novel. The song "Lord of The Flies" can be found in The X Factor (1995) and was also released as a single.
Rock band Gatsbys American Dream has a song inspired completely by Lord of the Flies entitled "Fable."
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Stephen King has stated that the Castle Rock in Lord of the Flies was the inspiration for the town of the same name that has appeared in a number of his novels. The book itself also appears prominently in his novels, Hearts in Atlantis and Cujo.

In Melbourne, Australia, there is a business called Lord of the Fries, with a store on the corner of Elizabeth Street and Flinders Street

In the Seinfeld stand-up comedy session prior to a show, Jerry makes the observation: "Any day you had gym class was a weird school day. It started off normal. You had English, Social Studies, Geometry, then suddenly you’re in Lord of the Flies for 40 minutes. You’re hanging from a rope, you have hardly any clothes on, teachers are yelling at you, kids are throwing dodge balls at you and snapping towels - you're trying to survive. And then it's Science, Language, and History. Now that is a weird day."

In Orson Scott Card's Ender's Shadow, there is a part of dialogue where 2 teachers of the Battle School are talking about the main character, Bean's, rough infancy on the streets of Rotterdam. "...Its a Hellish place from, from what I hear. They make Lord of the Flies look like Pollyanna..."
In the show Picket Fences, the Judge warns that he will ban boys' basketball games if the kids begin to show "Lord of the Flies" tendencies.

Tori Amos's From the Choirgirl Hotel album included the song "Pandora's Aquarium" which refers to Lord of the Flies in relation to Persephone.

In the 2006 movie Unaccompanied Minors, Spencer enters the "UM Room." It is full of about 100 wild, uncontrollable kids. This causes him to remark, "It's like Lord of the Flies in here."
In the A.F.I. song "Catch A Hot One" the lyrics directly ask "Have you ever seen the kingdom of the flies" and is often thought to mean Hell.

Singer-songwriter Danielle Dax based several songs on Lord of the Flies: "Where the Flies Are" and "Touch Piggy's Eyes."

The 2006 released song "Liar (It Takes One to Know One)" By Taking Back Sunday refers to them being choir boys, "We're all choir boys at best" as well as referring to the island "Then back on that island" and "on the island that you swear by".


Notes

The novel was written while Golding was teaching at Bishop Wordsworths School, a Church of England grammar school for boys in Salisbury, England. He taught English there from 1945 to 1962. It was because of this that The Times could comment that "Golding knows exactly what boys are like."

Nick Hornby commented that a newer novel, The Beach (written by Alex Garland), is: "A Lord of the Flies for Generation X".

Stephen King's The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon references the scene where Simon talks to the Lord of the Flies—except that his main character is a girl, stranded alone in the woods, and she sees 3 entities, one of whom is clearly the Lord of the Flies.

In Stephen King's Hearts in Atlantis Ted gives Bobby a copy of the book and its themes resonate throughout the story.

In Stephen King's Misery Paul includes Lord of the Flies in an inner monologue about how humans deep connection to books can inspire miraculous bodily reactions; as a 12 year old boy, he finished Lord of the Flies on a summer's day, headed to the kitchen for a glass of lemonade, then promptly vomited as he began turning the full story over in his head.

In Orson Scott Card's Ender's Shadow Colonel Graf says that the children of Rotterdam "make the kids from Lord of the Flies look like sweethearts".

See also
Devil
Civilisation is built on physics

meditations
진보블로그 공감 버튼트위터로 리트윗하기페이스북에 공유하기딜리셔스에 북마크

살로메와 세례요한

복음서는 세례 요한의 죽음을 다음과 같이 묘사한다.

 

그때에 헤로데 영주가 예수님의 소문을 듣고시종들에게, “그 사람은 세례자 요한이다. 그가 죽은 이들 가운데에서 되살아난 것이다. 그러니 그에게서 그런 기적의 힘이 일어나지.” 하고 말하였다.

헤로데는 자기 동생 필리포스의 아내 헤로디아의 일로, 요한을 붙잡아 묶어 감옥에 가둔 일이 있었다. 요한이 헤로데에게 “그 여자를 차지하는 것은 옳지 않습니다.” 하고 여러 차례 말하였기 때문이다. 헤로데는 요한을 죽이려고 하였으나 군중이 두려웠다. 그들이 요한을 예언자로 여기고 있었기 때문이다.

그런데 마침 헤로데가 생일을 맞이하자, 헤로디아의 딸이 손님들 앞에서 춤을 추어 그를 즐겁게 해 주었다. 그래서 헤로데는 그 소녀에게, 무엇이든 청하는 대로 주겠다고 맹세하며 약속하였다.그러자 소녀는 자기 어머니가 부추기는 대로, “세례자 요한의 머리를 쟁반에 담아 이리 가져다주십시오.” 하고 말하였다. 임금은 괴로웠지만, 맹세까지 하였고 또 손님들 앞이어서 그렇게 해 주라고 명령하고,사람을 보내어 감옥에서 요한의 목을 베게 하였다. 그리고 그의 머리를 쟁반에 담아다가 소녀에게 주게 하자, 소녀는 그것을 자기 어머니에게 가져갔다.

요한의 제자들은 가서 그의 주검을 거두어 장사 지내고, 예수님께 가서 알렸다.

----마태오 복음서, 14장 1절~12절

 

이 헤로데는 사람을 보내어 요한을 붙잡아 감옥에 묶어 둔 일이 있었다. 그의 동생 필리포스의 아내 헤로디아 때문이었는데, 헤로데가 이 여자와 혼인하였던 것이다. 그래서 요한은 헤로데에게, “ 동생의 아내를 차지하는 것은 옳지 않습니다.”하고 여러 차례 말하였다.

헤로디아는 요한에게 앙심을 품고 그를 죽이려고 하였으나 뜻을 이루지 못하였다. 헤로데가 요한을 의롭고 거룩한 사람으로 알고 그를 두려워하며 보호해 주었을 뿐만 아니라, 그의 말을 들을 때에 몹시 당황해하면서도 기꺼이 듣곤 하였기 때문이다.

그런데 좋은 기회가 왔다. 헤로데가 자기 생일에 고관들과 무관들과 갈릴래아의 유지들을 청하여 잔치를 베풀었다. 그 자리에 헤로디아의 딸이 들어가 춤을 추어, 헤로데와 그의 손님들을 즐겁게 하였다. 그래서 임금은 그 소녀에게, “무엇이든 원하는 것을 나에게 청하여라. 너에게 주겠다.” 하고 말할 뿐만 아니라, “네가 청하는 것은 무엇이든, 내 왕국의 절반이라도 너에게 주겠다.” 하고 굳게 맹세까지 하였다.

소녀가 나가서 자기 어머니에게 “무엇을 청할까요?” 하자, 그 여자는 “세례자 요한의 머리를 요구하여라.” 하고 일렀다.소녀는 곧 서둘러 임금에게 가서, “당장 세례자 요한의 머리를 쟁반에 담아 저에게 주시기를 바랍니다.” 하고 청하였다. 임금은 몹시 괴로웠지만, 맹세까지 하였고 또 손님들 앞이라 그의 청을 물리치고 싶지 않았다.그래서 임금은 곧 경비병을 보내며, 요한의 머리를 가져오라고 명령하였다. 경비병이 물러가 감옥에서 요한의 목을 베어, 머리를 쟁반에 담아다가 소녀에게 주자, 소녀는 그것을 자기 어머니에게 주었다.

그 뒤에 요한의 제자들이 소문을 듣고 가서, 그의 주검을 거두어 무덤에 모셨다.

---마르코 복음서, 6장 17절~29절(한국 천주교 주교회의 http://www.cbck.or.kr/)

 

여기서 이름이 나타나지 않는 소녀, 헤로디아의 딸은 이름이 살로메Salome라고, 유대 역사가 요제푸스Flavius Josephus(37-100)는 우리에게 알려준다.

 

살로메의 춤 The Dance of Salome(1461-1462)

패널에 템페라 Tempera on panel,

9 1/4 x 13 1/2 inches (23.8 x 34.3 cm)

국립미술관National Gallery of Art, Washington

 

고촐리가 그린 ‘살로메의 춤’은 성서의 내용을 거의 그대로 보여준다. 그림은 시간 경과에 따른 내용을 한 화면에 모아놓았다. 전경에는 제목 그대로 살로메가 춤을 추고 있다. 인물들의 의상은 고촐리가 살던 시대 이탈리아 사람들 의상 그대로이다. 오른쪽에서 그녀의 춤을 구경하는 그녀의 의붓아버지를 비롯한 다른 손님들의 표정은 즐거워하기보다는 난처한 모습인데, 그것은 아마 소녀의 요구를 들은 다음의 표정일 것이다. 연회장 왼쪽의 좁은 방에서는 짐승가죽을 걸친 세례 요한의 참수가 진행중이다. 마지막으로 중앙 후경에는 쟁반에 담긴 요한의 목을 어머니에게 갖다 바치는 살로메가 그려져 있다.

성서 내용과 이 그림으로 보면 살로메는 적개심에 불타는 어머니 헤로디아의 하수인일 뿐인 것 같다. 실제로 16세기 중반에 그려진 루이니의 그림 제목은 살로메가 아니라 헤로디아이다.

 

헤로디아Herodias(1527-31)

패널에 템페라Tempera on panel, 51 x 58 cm

우피치 미술관Galleria degli Uffizi, Firenze

 

입가에 미소가 떠도는 이 아름답고 우아한 여인은 성인의 잘린 목과 대조를 이룬다. 여기 그려진 헤로디아는 레오나르도 다빈치의 여인들과 매우 흡사한 분위기를 지니고 있어 한때 이 그림은 레오나르도의 것으로 생각되기도 했다. 아무튼 그녀는 죄 많은 여인으로 보기에는 너무 아름답다. 오히려 죄의 추악함은 그녀에게 요한의 머리를 가져다 주는 형리의 추한 얼굴에서 드러난다.

이렇게 세례 요한의 죽음을 둘러싼 드라마의 주인공은 원래 헤로디아였으나 그 중심에 살로메가 놓이게된 결정적 계기는 오스카 와일드Oscar Wilde(1854~1900)의 희곡 ‘살로메(1893)’이다. 줄거리의 얼개는 대강 같지만 와일드는 이 작품에서 세례 요한을 죽음에 이르게 한 것이 헤로디아의 복수심 때문이 아니라 살로메의 세례 요한에 대한 사랑 때문인 것으로 해 놓았다. 물론 성인은 그녀의 사랑을 거절하며, 마침내 그녀는 살아서 그녀의 키스를 거절한 요한의 베어진 머리에 키스하기에 이른다. 여기에 의붓아버지 헤로데왕의 아름다운 의붓딸에 대한 욕망의 시선이 겹쳐지면서 이 비극은 사랑과 욕망, 그리고 죽음이 겹쳐진 세기말의 데카당스를 잘 표현하고 있다.

와일드는 다만 춤을 추었다고 되어 있을 뿐인 살로메의 춤을 ‘일곱 베일의 춤’으로 구체화했다. 일종의 스트립 댄스랄 수 있는 이 관능적인 춤으로 의붓아버지에게서 자신이 원하는 것을 얻어내는 여인이 살로메인 것이다.

 

살로메Salome(1906)

캔버스에 유채oil on canvas

렌바흐하우스Lenbachhaus, Munich

 

이 그림을 보면 살로메의 음산한 웃음소리가 들릴 것 같다. 그녀는 춤을 거의 끝냈으며 자신이 요구한 요한의 머리가 날라져 온 것을 어깨 너머로 보고 있다. 희고 푸르스름한 육체는 어쩐지 섬찟한 느낌을 준다. 여기서도 루이니의 그림에서처럼 살로메의 아름다움과 대비되는 추한 인물이 요한의 머리가 담긴 쟁반을 들고 있다. 그 대비에도 불구하고 이 두 인물은 묘하게 어울린다.

 

살로메Salome

캔버스에 유채Oil on canvas, 198 x 141 cm

개인소장Private Collection

 

투명한 스커트와 황금 허리띠만을 걸치고 마침내 원하던 것을 얻은 살로메는 오만한 표정으로 성인의 머리에 손을 갖다 대고 있다. 그녀의 발밑에 깔려 있는 호랑이 가죽은 아름답지만 두려운 그녀의 본성을 상징하고 있는 듯 하다.

 

살로메Salome(1908)

 

모사의 이 그림은 더한층 기괴하다. 장미꽃 한가운데서 요한의 머리들이 지켜보는 가운데 살로메는 요한을 참수한 칼에 혀를 대고 피 맛을 보고 있다. 이 그림을 보면 코폴라가 만든 영화 ‘드라큘라’에서 드라큘라 백작이 하커의 피가 묻은 면도날을 탐욕스럽게 핥던 장면이 생각난다. 화가의 상상력 속에서 살로메는 거의 피에 굶주린 흡혈귀처럼 나타나는 것이다. 그녀의 무릎 근처에 떨어져 있는 인형은 성서에 나오는 대로 그녀가 아직 ‘소녀’임을 나타내고 그래서 이 그림은 더욱 무시무시하다.

 

절정 The Climax(1894)

Line-block printing

 

와일드의 ‘살로메’ 삽화 중 하나인 이 그림에서 살로메는 그녀의 춤의 보수로 받은 요한의 머리를 들고 입맞춤하려 한다. 성인의 머리에서 떨어진 피에서는 백합 비슷한 꽃이 피어나고 요한의 머리카락은 마치 메두사 머리의 뱀 같다.

 

환영The Apparition(1876, 부분)

수채Watercolour, 41 1/4 x 28 1/4 inches (105 x 72 cm)

루브르 미술관Musee du Louvre, Paris

 

유명한 모로의 살로메 그림들 중 하나인 이 작품에서 살로메는 수많은 보석들로 화려하게 치장하고 다시 춤을 추다가 피 흘리는 세례 요한의 머리와 맞닥뜨린다. 목에서 떨어진 피는 바닥까지 물들이고 있고 살로메는 이 광경에 두려워 몸을 뒤로 젖히면서도 성인의 머리를 향해 손을 뻗는 모순적인 동작을 하고 있다. 그녀의 기괴한 사랑은 아직도 끝난 것이 아닌 것 같다.

 

이 이야기에서 요한은 살로메의 욕망에 불을 지핀 장본인인데도 조연으로 남아 있다. 이 그림들에서는 더욱 그러하다. 그는 이미 죽은 사람이 되어, 쟁반에 담긴 머리로 존재한다. 과연 그렇다면 세례 요한은 어떤 인물인가 하는 의문이 든다. 그의 어떤 면이 유대 공주를 그토록이나 사로잡을 수 있었는가?

예수에게 세례를 주었기 때문에, 그리고 복음서 저자 요한과 구별하기 위하여 세례 요한이라고 불리는 이 인물은 마리아의 친척인 엘리자벳이라는 여인과 사제인 자카리아 사이의 아들인 것으로 되어 있다.

 

그 무렵에 마리아는 길을 떠나, 서둘러 유다 산악 지방에 있는 한 고을로 갔다. 그리고 즈카르야의 집에 들어가 엘리사벳에게 인사하였다. 엘리사벳이 마리아의 인사말을 들을 때 그의 태 안에서 아기가 뛰놀았다. 엘리사벳은 성령으로 가득 차 큰 소리로 외쳤다. “당신은 여인들 가운데에서 가장 복되시며 당신 태중의 아기도 복되십니다. 내 주님의 어머니께서 저에게 오시다니 어찌 된 일입니까? 보십시오, 당신의 인사말 소리가 제 귀에 들리자 저의 태 안에서 아기가 즐거워 뛰놀았습니다. 행복하십니다, 주님께서 하신 말씀이 이루어지리라고 믿으신 분!”그러자 마리아가 말하였다.“내 영혼이 주님을 찬송하고 내 마음이 나의 구원자 하느님 안에서 기뻐 뛰니 그분께서 당신 종의 비천함을 굽어보셨기 때문입니다…(중략).”

마리아는 석 달가량 엘리사벳과 함께 지내다가 자기 집으로 돌아갔다. 엘리사벳은 해산달이 차서 아들을 낳았다. …(중략) “아기야, 너는 지극히 높으신 분의 예언자라 불리고 주님을 앞서 가 그분의 길을 준비하리니 죄를 용서받아 구원됨을 주님의 백성에게 깨우쳐 주려는 것이다. 우리 하느님의 크신 자비로 높은 곳에서 별이 우리를 찾아오시어 어둠과 죽음의 그늘에 앉아 있는 이들을 비추시고 우리 발을 평화의 길로 이끌어 주실 것이다.”

아기는 자라면서 정신도 굳세어졌다. 그리고 그는 이스라엘 백성 앞에 나타날 때까지 광야에서 살았다.

---루카 복음서 1장 39절~70절

 

그 무렵에 세례자 요한이 나타나 유다 광야에서 이렇게 선포하였다. “회개하여라. 하늘 나라가 가까이 왔다.” 요한은 이사야 예언자가 말한 바로 그 사람이다. 이사야는 이렇게 말하였다.“광야에서 외치는 이의 소리.‘너희는 주님의 길을 마련하여라. 그분의 길을 곧게 내어라.” 요한은 낙타 털로 된 옷을 입고 허리에 가죽 띠를 둘렀다. 그의 음식은 메뚜기와 들꿀이었다. 그때에 예루살렘과 온 유다와 요르단 부근 지방의 모든 사람이 그에게 나아가, 자기 죄를 고백하며 요르단 강에서 그에게 세례를 받았다.

---마태오 복음서 3장 1절~6절

 

여기 묘사된 것처럼 요한은 거친 광야에서 여러 해 동안 수행한 인물로 전통적으로 털가죽을 걸치고 야윈 모습으로 표현된다.

 


왼쪽부터 산드로 보티첼리Sandro Botticelli의 바르디 제단화Bardi Altarpiece(1484)의 세례 요한 부분, 티치아노Tiziano의 세례 요한(1542), 엘 그레코El Greco의 세례 요한(1600).

 

티치아노의 그림은 별로 그렇지 않지만 보티첼리와 엘 그레코의 세례 요한은 수척한 몸을 하고 있고 공통적으로 아무렇게나 자란 머리, 텁수룩한 수염, 털가죽으로 된 옷 등으로 이 성인의 특징을 묘사하고 있다. 세 그림 모두에서 십자가 모양의 지팡이를 지니고 있으며 보티첼리를 제외한 두 그림에서는 양이 등장한다. 어린 양은 세례 요한의 상징 동물이기 때문이다.

 

좀 특이한 취향의 소유자라면 모를까 이런 야인의 모습은 그다지 매력적이지 않다. 하지만 다른 관점에서 이 성인을 묘사한 그림들이 존재한다.

 


카라바조Caravaggio (1571-1610)

세례 요한St.John the Baptist(1603-1604)

캔버스에 유채Oil on canvas, 37 x 51 1/2 inches (94 x 131 cm)

국립 고미술관Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Roma

 

광야에서 잠들었던 요한은 무언가에 놀라 잠이 깬 것 같다. 카라바조는 특유의 빛과 어둠을 다루는 솜씨로 밤의 어두운 배경 속에서 청년의 흰 육체를 부각시켜 놓았다. 어린 양도, 요한의 특징인 털가죽도 없고 그가 두른 붉은 천만이 요한의 피부색과 대비된다. 제목이 아니라면 이 그림에서 성스러움을 찾아보기란 쉽지 않다. 얼굴은 잘 보이지 않고, 어둠 속에 갑작스레 떠오른 흰 육체는 와일드의 희곡에 나오는 살로메의 대사를 연상시킨다.

 

요카난, 난 그대의 몸을 갖고 싶어 견딜 수가 없어. 네 몸은 한 번도 손질한 적 없는 들에 핀 흰 백합 같아. 유대의 산 꼭대기에 쌓였다가 골짜기로 흘러내리는 눈과 같아. 아라비아 여왕의 정원에 핀 장미도 네 몸처럼 하얗진 않을 거야. 아라비아 여왕의 정원에 핀 장미도, 아라비아 여왕의 향초 정원도, 나뭇잎에 비쳐드는 새벽빛도, 바다에 안겨드는 달의 가슴도… 네 몸처럼 흰 것은 세상 어디도 없어. 네 몸을 만지고 싶어 죽을 것 같아.

 

안드레아 델 사르토의 세례 요한은 어떤가?

 


안드레아 델 사르토Andrea del Sarto (1486-1530)

세례 요한 St. John the Baptist(1528)

나무에 유채Oil on wood, 37 x 26 3/4 inches (94 x 68 cm)

갈레리아 팔라티나(팔라초 피티)Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Firenze

 

요한은 여기서도 젊은 청년으로 등장하는데, 복음서에 묘사된 대로 털가죽을 두르고 있지만 카라바조에서와 마찬가지로 붉은 천을 함께 두르고 있는 당당한 모습이다. 십자가 모양의 야곱의 지팡이가 세례 요한을 상징하고 있지만 그는 성인이라기보다는 젊은 영웅 같은 모습이다.

 

하지만 역시 가장 매력적이면서도 불가사의한 것은 레오나르도의 세례 요한 그림들이다.

 


레오나르도 다 빈치 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

광야의 세례 요한(바쿠스)St John in the Wilderness(Bacchus) (1510-1515)

Oil on panel transferred to canvas, 177x115 cm

루브르 박물관Musee du Louvre, Paris

 

이 그림은 세례 요한의 상징물이 없고 특유의 이교적 분위기 때문에 종종 바쿠스로도 불린다. 젊은 바쿠스처럼 보이는 게 사실이다. 주인공이 걸치고 있는 옷도 낙타 가죽이 아니라 표범 가죽인 것 같다. 하지만 이 인물은 정체가 확실히 드러난 다음 그림의 인물과 너무 닮았다.

 


레오나르도 다 빈치 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

세례 요한St John the Baptist(1513-1516)

Oil on panel, 27.17 x 22.44 inches [69 x 57 cm]

루브르 박물관Musee du Louvre, Paris

 

역시 표범 가죽처럼 보이는 가죽을 두르고 야곱의 지팡이를 들고 있는 이 인물은 확실히 세례 요한이라는 제목이 붙어 있다. 한 손은 가슴에, 한 손은 레오나르도가 즐겨 쓰는 포즈인 하늘을 가리키는 모양을 하고 입가에는 묘한 미소를 띄고 있는 이 인물은 내가 본 중에 가장 성인의 이미지와 멀리 있는 인물인 것 같다. 모나리자보다는 더 확실하지만 모나리자 만큼이나 뜻을 알 수 없는 미소하며 광야에서 긴 세월 살아 온 사람 같지 않게 풍성하고 완벽한 웨이브 하며, 카라바조나 델 사르토의 요한보다는 나이가 들어 보이는데도 수염 한 올 없는 중성적인 외모까지…

이 인물이 매력적이며 관능적으로까지 보인다는 사실은 우리를 다소 당황스럽게 한다. 와일드 또한 살로메의 입을 통해 세례 요한의 매력을 늘어 놓는다. 그의 희디흰 살결, 칠흑처럼 검은 머리, 꽃잎보다 붉은 입술을 원한다고, 살로메는 고백한다. 이것은 두 사람의 성적 취향과 관계가 있는 것인지도 모르겠다. 와일드는 동성연애로 유죄를 선고받고(그 당시 영국에선 동성연애도 범죄였다!) 복역했었고, 레오나르도 역시 동성애자였을 것이라는 강력한 추측들이 존재한다(그가 실력보다는 외모로 제자들을 뽑았다는 사실은 유명하다).

어쨌든 레오나르도의 세례 요한을 보고 있노라면, 실제로 세례 요한이 이런 미소를 가진 남자였다면 살로메가 그를 사랑하게 된 것도 이상한 일은 아니라는 생각이 드는 것이다.

구스타브 모로Gustave Moreau (1826-1898)
오브리 비어즐리Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898)
구스타브-아돌프 모사Gustav-Adolf Mossa(1883~1971)
피에르 보노Pierre Bonnaud(1865~1930)
프란츠 폰 슈투크Franz von Stuck(1863~1928)
베르나르디노 루이니 Bernardino Luini(1480~ 1532)
베노초 고촐리Benozzo di Lese di Sandro Gozzoli (1453-1478)
진보블로그 공감 버튼트위터로 리트윗하기페이스북에 공유하기딜리셔스에 북마크