5개의 게시물을 찾았습니다.
전후사정과 전망에 대해 침착하게 설명하고 있는 좋은 글입니다.
출처: http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4560
An Old Honduran Coup on a Different Stage
June 29th 2009, by Michael Fox
The Presidential residence is surrounded; the president is kidnapped and flown out of the country. The opposition says the president has resigned and a conservative pro-business leader is appointed de-facto president, immediately shutting down the state television and cracking down on the dissidence. Unconfirmed reports say arrest warrants have been issued for all mayors in support of the defunct government. Thousands take to the streets, but the mainstream television stations report nothing.
No, this is not Venezuela in 2002. Nor is it Haiti, 2004. It's Honduras, 2009, but roughly the same story is once again being told, on a different stage with different actors. But that difference could mean everything.
Even as of halfway through last week, both the Civic Council of Indigenous and Grassroots Organizations of Honduras (COPINH) and Honduran President Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales had already denounced the impending coup (http://casacollective.org/node/74863?page=2).(http://www.tercerainformacion.es/?Movimientos-sociales-escoltan-a)
For months, Zelaya had been planning a non-binding consultative referendum to take place this Sunday that would have asked the Honduran people if the issue of a 2010 constitutional assembly should be added to the ballot of this November's upcoming elections.
Then, last week, a politically motivated Honduran Supreme Court ruled the referendum "illegal." General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez, head of the Armed Forces, refused to distribute the ballot boxes. Last Thursday, June 25th,Zelaya removed the general from his post, and accompanied by members of the country's grassroots social movements, Zelaya went personally to recover the 15,000 the ballot boxes.
But Defense Minister Ángel Edmundo Orellana resigned in solidarity with Vásquez Velásquez and soldiers took to the streets. An emergency session of the Organization of American States (OAS) was called to evaluate the deteriorating situation.
Despite opposition in the National Congress, the Supreme Court, the majority of the major parties, the chamber of commerce, and the Catholic Church, Zelaya was steadfast. Supported by the grassroots movements, the non-binding referendum would go on.
Just a day later, the world has changed.
President Zelaya is now in Nicaragua, after having been "kidnapped", and thrown on a plane to Costa Rica in the early hours of Sunday morning. The head of the National Congress, Roberto Micheletti was sworn in as de facto President of Honduras on Sunday afternoon, declaring, "I did not reach this position because of a coup. I am here because of an absolutely legal transition process."
Like Pedro Carmona-the head of the Venezuelan chamber of commerce, Fedecameras, who took power when Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez was briefly ousted on April 11, 2002-Micheletti received a round of applause as he was sworn in. Like Carmona, outside, the people protested.
But unlike Carmona, the rest of the planet doesn't buy it. That is the difference. Not one country has recognized the de facto Micheletti government. On Sunday, the U.S. ambassador to Honduras declared, "The only president the United States recognizes is President Manuel Zelaya."
U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton declared, "The action taken against Honduran President Mel Zelaya violates the precepts of the Inter-American Democratic Charter, and thus should be condemned by all."
The OAS, which held an emergency meeting on Sundayafternoon, issued a resolution condemning the coup and calling for the immediate reinstatement of Zelaya as president. The president of the United Nations General Assembly, Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, called the Honduran military intervention a "criminal action."
Although the Micheletti government has not been recognized, that hasn't stopped the international media from acting as though it has. CNN online is airing an interview with the conservative former Venezuelan Ambassador Diego Arria, who blames not the military, but Zelaya for "attempting a coup against the [Honduran] constitution."
(http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/06/28/honduras.president.arrested/index.html#cnnSTCVideo)
The BBC asked their English-speaking readers in Honduras if they thought the Honduran Constitution should be changed. By reading many of the comments, it would also appear as though Zelaya was the criminal: "The events that ocurred today ARE NOT an attack to the Honduran democracy. There is no coup in Honduras. Finally we have peace in our country."
http://newsforums.bbc.co.uk/nol/thread.jspa?forumID=6660&edition=2&ttl=20090629051459
Many in opposition to Sunday's non-binding referendum feared Zelaya was attempting to alter the constitution in order to eliminate term limits and be re-elected beyond the end of his term early next year. Brazil's largest media chain, Rede Globo, echoed the fears in an article on Sunday evening.
Nevertheless, Sunday's non-binding referendum was simply meant to test the waters for the possibility for a referendum for a Venezuela-style Constitutional Assembly. Since the 1999 Constitution, Ecuador and Bolivia have followed, holding Constitutional Assemblies in each of their countries and passing democratically written constitutions with large participation. Zelaya's re-election was not on Sunday's ballot.
"Today's proposed referendum was non-binding and merely consultative. Thus no one could argue that allowing it to go forward could cause irreparable harm," said Mark Weisbrot, co-director of the Washington-based Center for Economic and Policy Research on Sunday. "There was no excuse for the Honduran military to intervene, regardless of the constitutional issues at stake."
Meanwhile, in Honduras, thousands have been in the streets protesting.
COPINH wrote in a communiqué, "We tell everyone that the Honduran people are carrying out large demonstrations, actions in their communities, in the municipalities; there are occupations of bridges, and a protest in front of the presidential residence, among others. From the lands of Lempira, Morazán and Visitación Padilla, we call on the Honduran people in general to demonstrate in defense of their rights and of real and direct democracy for the people, to the fascists we say that they will NOT silence us, that this cowardly act will turn back on them, with great force."
Mexico-based reporter, Kristin Bricker, has been reporting for Narco News that according to Radio Es Lo De Menos, the military has set up road blocks all over the country in an attempt to prevent Zelaya supporters from reaching the capital. The soldiers are also reportedly attempting to shut down public transportation.
Honduran labor leader Ángel Alvarado told TeleSUR that he has called a national strike for Monday in Honduras to protest the coup. According to Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua, the Honduran military has closed the border between the two countries.
Only time will tell what course the next few days will bring, but the around the clock coverage by Telesur, and the immediate international solidarity echoed around the globe may have changed the face of military coup d'etats in Latin America.
Only a few short decades ago, military dictatorships ruled much of the region, and in Central America, those that weren't, were steeped in brutal civil wars. In less than 24 hours after the Honduran coup, President Zelaya was joined by the countries of the progressive trading block, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, (ALBA) in Nicaragua for an emergency presidential summit. The Presidents of Ecuador, Rafael Correa; Venezuela, Hugo Chávez; Bolivia, Evo Morales; Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega and others joined together with Zelaya and demanded the Honduran president be returned to power.
This is the new face of Latin America, and only with this international solidarity, and overwhelming repudiation against the blatant disregard for the rule of law, will these actions be isolated, overturned and hopefully never again repeated.
That is the difference. It is the same story as before. Told with similar actors-some of whom even studied at the School of the Americas in Ft. Benning, Georgia (http://www.southernstudies.org/2009/06/key-leaders-of-honduras-military-coup-trained-in-us.html)-- only this time we live in a different age; under a shifting geo-political backdrop. On the presidential level, the coup has been denounced across the planet, and governments are standing behind Zelaya. On the local level, Honduras' Radio Es Lo De Menos has called on international activists to march on Honduran embassies across the globe. There is a necessary active roll for all to play. The difference could mean everything.
Like in Venezuela, where the people remembering the way they flooded into the streets to demand the return of their President Hugo Chavez just two days after he had been taken from office, "Every April 11th has its April 13th".
For more information...
En Español
http://www.aporrea.org/internacionales/n137491.html
http://www.aporrea.org/temas/70
http://www.telesurtv.net/solotexto/senal_vivo.php
In English
http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/kristin-bricker/2009/06/resist...
Tags: Honduras
ALBA Declaration on Honduras Coup D'etat
Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)
Proclamation of the Extraordinary Presidential Council
Managua, Republic of Nicaragua 29 June 2009
On Sunday the 28th of June in early hours of the morning, when the Honduran people were getting ready to exercise their democratic will through a poll with a consultative character, promoted by the President of the Republic Manuel Zelaya Rosales to deepen participative democracy, a group of hooded soldiers, who affirmed they had received orders from the High Command of the Armed Forces, assaulted the residence of President Zelaya, in order to kidnap him, disappear him for a number of hours and later expel him violently from his homeland.
Immediately, the people of Honduras reacted like the noble heirs of the legacy of Francisco Morazán [1], in the streets of the cities and towns of Honduras. From the early hours of the morning hundreds of electoral booths received thousands of men and women who attended to exercise their right to vote, and on being informed of the kidnapping of their president, spilled out onto the streets to protest the coup d'etat, giving an example of heroism, to confront, unarmed, the guns and tanks.
Through the screens of Telesur, they managed to break the national and international silence that the dictatorship wanted to impose through closing the state television channel and cutting the electricity supply, aiming to conceal and justify the coup d'etat against their people and the international community - demonstrating an attitude that recalls the worst epoch of the dictatorships experienced in the 20th century in our continent.
With one single voice, the governments and peoples of the continent reacted condemning the coup d'etat, making clear that in Honduras there is only one President and one government: that of President Manuel Zelaya Rosales. At the same time, we salute the declarations of condemnation, that from very early, other governments of the world began to issue.
In the face of the urgency of the situation, the governments of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America immediately convoke an Extraordinary Presidential Council, with the objective of agreeing on forceful actions to defeat the coup d'etat in Honduras, to support the heroic people of Morazán and to unconditionally re-establish the President Manuel Zelaya Rosales in his legitimate duties.
After analyzing the circumstances which have produced this coup d'etat, in the face of the gravity of the violations of International Law, the multilateral agreements and the accords of our countries with the Republic of Honduras, and in view of the categorical rejection that the international community has manifested in front of the dictatorial government that is trying to impose itself, the member countries of ALBA have decided to withdraw our Ambassadors and leave a minimum expression of our diplomatic representation in Tegucigalpa until the legitimate government of President Manuel Zelaya Rosales is reinstated in its duties.
Likewise we recognise as the only diplomatic representatives of Honduras in our countries, the personnel designated by President Zelaya. Under no circumstances will we accredit personnel designated by the usurpers.
Equally, as full members of the various systems of integration of the continent, we insist that our brother countries of UNASUR, SICA, CARICOM, the Rio Group, the UN and the OAS proceed in the same way in the face of the assailants of the Honduran people.
On the other hand, we have agreed to declare ourselves in permanent alert in order to accompany the valiant people of Honduras in the actions of struggle that they have convoked, and we invoke the content of Articles 2 and 3 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Honduras:
"Art. 2: Sovereignty corresponds to the People from which emanate all the Powers of the State that are exercised through representation. The Sovereignty of the People can also be exercised in a direct manner through a Plebiscite or Referendum. The supplanting of popular Sovereignty and the usurpation of the constituted powers are classified as crimes of Treason against the Fatherland. The responsibility in these cases is imprescriptible and can be deduced to the role or petition of any citizen."
"Art. 3: No one has to obey neither a usurper government nor those who assume functions or public employment through the force of arms or using measures or procedures that break or fail to recognise that which the Constitution and the laws establish. The acts verified by such authorities are invalid. The people have the right to resort to insurrection in defense of constitutional order."
As well as the principles of International Law respect the acts of resistance and rebellion of the people confronting the attempts at domination. To the teachers, workers, women, youth, peasants, indigenous peoples, honest business people, intellectuals and other actors of Honduran society, we assure that together we will win a great victory against the coup plotters that aim to impose themselves on the brave people of Francisco Morazán.
Invoking the spirit and though of Francisco Morazán, together with him, we proclaim to the coup plotters: "Men, you who have abused the rights of the people for a sordid and stingy interest! With you I speak, enemies of independence and liberty. If our actions, aimed at acquiring a homeland, can suffer a parallel to those Central Americans that you have persecuted and exiled, I challenge you to present them. Those same people, who have been humiliated, insulted, debased and betrayed so many times, that today are the arbiters of their destiny and ask for our advice, those people will be your judge."
Those who are leading the coup d'etat must know that it will be impossible to prevail and to make fun of international justice, to which sooner or later they will be subjected. We call on the officials and the soldiers of the Armed Forces of Honduras to rectify and to put their weapons at the service of the people of Honduras and their general commander, President Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales.
The member countries of ALBA, in consultation with the governments of the continent and with various institutions that guarantee the fulfilment of International Law, we are bringing forward measures so that the grave violations and the crimes that are being committed aren't gotten away with.
The only path that remains for the coup makers to abandon their attitude and to guarantee immediately, unconditionally, and definitely, the return of President Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales to his constitutional functions.
The Republic of Honduras is a full member of ALBA, and likewise of other regional integration and multilateral organisations, whose membership demand respect of the sovereignty of the people and the constitution. These fundamental conditions, having been violated by the coup makers, the governments of ALBA have decided to maintain all the cooperation programs that we have pre-empted with Honduras through President Zelaya.
Likewise, we propose that punitive measures are applied by all the multilateral integration organisations and mechanisms, which would help to enforce the immediate return to constitutional order in Honduras and would bring about the principles of action that Jose Marti referred to when he said, "Each person does their duty, and nothing can defeat us."
The governments of ALBA declare ourselves in a permanent consultation session, with all the governments of the continent, in order to evaluate further joint actions that enable us to accompany the Honduran people in the re-establishment of legality and the restitution of the President Manuel Zelaya Rosales.
Two hundreds years since the historic gesture that our peoples have developed throughout the continent, following the timeless example of the General of free men Augusto Cesar Sandino, of Francisco Morazan and faithful to the word of The Liberator Simon Bolivar, we put our hope with the people of Honduras and the peoples of the world for the sureness of victory, as, "all the peoples of the world who have wrestled for freedom have, in the end, exterminated their tyrants."
[1] Central American statesman, lawyer, orator, and general born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in 1792
Translated by Kiraz Janicke and Tamara Pearson for Venezuelanalysis.com
출처: http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4564
출처: Resistance and Repression in Honduras
The pictures above, from Orlando Sierra/AFP/Getty, were taken outside the Presidential Palace following the kidnapping of President Zelaya. More photos of outside the Presidential Palace:
(AP Photo/Esteban Felix)
photos: REUTERS/Oswaldo Rivas
Zelaya supporters took to the streets in an attempt to prevent military reinforcements from arriving at the Presidential Palace:
There are protests all over Tegucigalpa, trying to impede military movements:
(photos: REUTERS/Oswaldo Rivas)
This man holds a banner in support of a referendum for a new Constitution (AP Photo/Esteban Felix). So soldiers punched him:
People cast symbolic votes in today's controversial public opinion polls. While soldiers seized ballot boxes in many locales, in some towns people managed to rescue the seized ballot boxes from the soldiers and cast their votes:
photo: REUTERS/Oswaldo Rivas
Soldiers have been incredibly hostile to the media that is trying to report the story from the ground:
The Washington Post reports: "Soldiers try to prevent journalists from filming as they patrol the area around the presidential palace in Tegucigalpa, Sunday June 28, 2009. Soldiers arrested Honduras' President Manuel Zelaya and disarmed his security guards after surrounding his residence before dawn Sunday, his private secretary said. Protesters called it a coup and flocked to the presidential palace as local news media reported that Zelaya was sent into exile." (AP Photo/Esteban Felix) (Esteban Felix - AP). Another angle of the same news crew:
(photo: REUTERS/Edgard Garrido)
온두라스에서 쿠데타 발생: 셀라야 대통령 군부에 의해 쫓겨남
Coup in Honduras: President Zelaya Ousted by Military
온두라스 군부, 좌파 대통령 후보 살해
Honduran Military Assassinates Leftist Presidential Candidate
http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/kristin-bricker/2009/06/honduran-military-assassinates-leftist-presidential-candidate
온두라스에서의 저항과 억압
Resistance and Repression in Honduras
http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/kristin-bricker/2009/06/resistance-and-repression-honduras
온두라스 주재 베네수엘라, 쿠바, 나카라구아 대사 납치됨
Venezuelan, Cuban, and Nicaraguan Ambassadors to Honduras Kidnapped
http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/4556
온두라스: 원주민들 쿠데타 비난
Honduras: Indigenous people condemn plot
http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/800/41204
온두라스: 군부 쿠데타 민주주의에 타격
Honduras: Military Coup a Blow to Democracy
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/06/28/honduras-military-coup-blow-democracy
비아 깜빠시나 조직, 그리고 온두라스 민중과의 연대를 표명함
"In Solidarity with the Organizations of Via Campesina and the People of Honduras"
http://www.narconews.com/Issue57/article3581.html
북미 제국주의와 극우파가 온두라스 쿠데타의 배후: 차베스
North American Imperialism and the Extreme Right are Behind Coup in Honduras: Chavez
http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/4555
온두라스의 셀라야 대통령 복권을 오바마가 요구하도록 합시다.
Demand a Call from Barack Obama for the Reinstatement of Honduran President Zelaya
http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/727/t/3823/campaign.jsp?campaign_KEY=27531
우리는 침묵하지도 모욕당하지도 않을 것입니다.
"We Will Not Be Silenced or Humiliated"
http://www.narconews.com/Issue57/article3580.html
온두라스 국회, 임시 대통령 내정
Honduran Congress names provisional president
http://www.upi.com/turl-88b6a3/
6:45 pm 업데이트: OAS 방금 온두라스의 쿠데타 비난, 셀라야 복권 요구
UPDATE 6:54PM OAS HAS JUST CONDEMNED COUP IN HONDURAS, CALLS FOR ZELAYA'S REINSTATEMENT
http://www.chavezcode.com/2009/06/update-654pm-oas-has-just-condemned.html
RT - 온두라스의 군부 쿠데타
RT - Military Coup in Honduras
http://rightsaction.org/Alerts/Honduran_coup_062809.html
출처: Simon Granovsky-Larsen (GLOBAL-SOUTH@yorku.ca 메일링 리스트), Sun, Jun 28, 2009 at 9:13 PM
요즘, 최원님 글을 읽다가 폭력 비폭력에 대해서 고민을 조금 다시 하고 있는데, 폭력이건 비폭력이건 전술에 불과하다는 조금 원시적(?)인 입장으로 돌아가고 있는 중입니다. 아옌데의 예를 들면서 비폭력적인 방법은 실패할 수밖에 없다고 말하는 것도 조금 공허하게 느껴지지만 쿠바나 사파티스타의 예가 폭력없이도 가능했을 것이라 생각하는 것도 순진하지요. 아래와 같은 온두라스 상황에서 반폭력을 외치는 것도 매우 순진해보입니다.
어쨋든 중요한 것은 지속가능성 아닐까요. 영민한 지도자(카스트로나 차베스)에 기대는 것이 아니라 사회구조적으로 지속가능한 그런 사회주의를 건설하는 것이 큰 과제인 것 같아요.
Dear Friends,
Honduras is reportedly quiet this evening as it prepares for a historic vote tomorrow on whether to schedule a referendum on the calling of a Constituent Assembly.
The right-wing campaign included moves by the armed forces high command to block the vote, which clearly constituted the first steps toward a military coup against the government. The vote was also challenged by the right wing-dominated supreme court and congress.
A strong outpouring of support for President Zelaya, including from the Bolivarian Alliance nations, forced the generals to back off sufficiently for the vote to take place tomorrow. According to CNN, President Zelaya concedes that because of supreme court and congress decisions, tomorrow’s vote will be indicative in character.
Here are two important statements of support to President Zelaya, issued while the military high command was defying governmental instructions. The first statement is from the broad alliance of Honduran popular and Indigenous organizations. The second is from the newly formed Bolivarian Alliance;.
Also for an extraordinary statement by Fidel Castro see
http://www.juventudrebelde.co.cu/cuba/2009-06-26/fidel-castro-a-gesture-that-will-not-be-forgotten/
Honduras: Steps Toward a Coup d'Etat
Civic Council of People's and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH)
The Civic Council of People's and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH) condemns before national and world public opinion the attempted coup launched during the night of June 24, 2009 against the constitutional government of Manuel Zelaya Rosales and the Honduran people and its most important aspirations. This action is a desperate response by right-wing forces and their allies to frustrate the people's will to find a democratic path for national transformation.
The reactionary Right has been desperately trying to block a national referendum that will take place June 28 to ask Honduran society if it agrees to include in the November general elections a vote on the convocation of a national Constituent Assembly to draw up a new constitution.
This drive toward a coup was planned and carried out through collaboration between the fascist National Congress, the lords of the communication media, the Ministry of Public Safety, the country's strongest businessmen, and the Armed Forces, who have acted in open defiance of government decisions. We therefore denounce the army for playing a role similar to that of the 1980s, when it was an agency for destabilization and repression. This campaign, which culminated in an outrageous act of aggression against the Honduran people, was won support from some sectors of the Evangelical and Catholic hierarchy, who have encouraged, justified, and acted as middlemen for the coup-like actions.
We also denounce the interference and involvement of the United States government and its ambassador to Honduras. Informed in advance of these actions, they quit the country, and called on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and other institutions under their influence to do the same. This clearly shows their complicity with the pro-coup forces.
We call on the ranks of COPINH and the Honduran people as a whole, whether or not they are organized, to mobilize in their communities, villages, or cities, and especially in Tegucigalpa, to give expression to their defiance and indignation. We call on them not to be intimidated by the terrorist media campaign unleashed against the people's expressed will, and against its right to imagine and desire a new country with justice and equity.
We call on the international community to speak out decisively against this attack on the Honduran people and to express its solidarity with the people and support for their human rights.
We call for intensification of the organized struggle to establish a Popular and Democratic National Constituent Assembly now, at this historic juncture for our homeland.
Finally, COPINH recognizes Manuel Zelaya Rosales as the only constitutional president of the republic and reject any "substitute" imposed by de-facto and imperialist power.
With the power of our ancestors, Iselaca, Lempira, and Etempica, we raise our voices for life, justice, dignity, liberty, and peace.
Adopted in the city of La Esperanza, Intibuca, June 24, 2009, by the Civic Council of People's and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH)
For Spanish text, see http://alainet.org/active/31224
Translated by John Riddell
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Nine-Country Bolivarian Alliance
Condemns Coup Attempt in Honduras
Declaration of the member states of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America [formerly known as ALBA] condemning the coup d'etat now under way against the president of the Republic of Honduras, Jose Manuel Zelaya.
The member states of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, represented here at the United Nations, are deeply concerned with regard to present events in the Republic of Honduras. They declare the following:
We emphasize that the coup d'etat now under way aims to block the achievement of a democratic vote by the people called to establish whether the people wish to convene a Constituent Assembly.
We condemn this coup-like action against the genuine aspirations of Honduran citizens who insist on being taken into account through democratic forms of expression and consultation.
We call on the international community to reject this effort to break with the democratic, constitutional order, and to reject any violent and destabilizing moves against the Honduran people and government.
We proclaim our unconditional solidarity with companero Presidente Jose Manuel Zelaya and the sister people of Honduras.
We reiterate our firm support of the declaration in support of the people's referendum in Honduras, adopted by the ALBA summit meeting that took place yesterday, June 24, in the city of Maracay, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
New YorkAntigua and Barbuda
Plurinational State of Bolivia
Cuba
Dominica
Ecuador
Honduras
Nicaragua
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, June 25, 2009
The Central American republic was shaken this week by a series of efforts by right-wing forces to block the vote, initiated by President Jose Manuel Zelaya. The president has led Honduras into the Bolivarian Alliance (previously known as ALBA) and favours a Constituent Assembly as a way to open the door to social reform and social justice. (see http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94965&Itemid=1)
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