16개의 게시물을 찾았습니다.
* MILF-GRP(필리핀 정부) 사이에 2003년 체결된 평화협정의 이행을 위한 7번째 협상이 지난 4월 18일부터 20일까지 말레이시아에서 열렸다. 아래 성명서는 협상 이후 발표된 것이다.
<공동성명서>
GRP-MILF 제7회 협상이 말레이지아의 Port Dickson에서 개최되었는데, 양 당사자는 ancestral domain에 대한 논의의 결과에 대해 매우 만족을 표한다.
GRP와 MILF 페널들은, 양측으로부터 40여명 이상의 전문인력들이 다양한 레벨에서 미팅을 갖게 함으로써, ancestral domain과 관련한 개념, 영역, 자원, 지배 등의 주제를 세부적으로 다루도록 하였다.
2001년 트리폴리 협약의 ancestral domain과 관련하여 3일 동안의 회의 이후, 실무 그룹은개념, 영역, 자원에 대하여 중요한 몇 가지 점에 대해 합의를 하였다. 그리고, 권력에 대해서는 다음에 다루기로 합의하였다.
1997 GRP-MILF 협상 시작 이래, 이번 Port Dickson 협상은, 전쟁 중단 이외의 실질적인 논의를 시작했다는 점에서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 민다나오 분쟁과 관련하여 공정하고 지속가능한 문제 해결을 시작했다는 점에서 이들 모두 만족스러워 한다.
패널들은 중순에 개최될 공식적인 협상 개시 이전에, 실무그룹들이 말레이지아에 가능한 합의점을 도출하기로 합의하였다.
그리고, 최근 민다나오에서 발생한 적대행위들이 평화 협상에 어떠한 영향도 미치지 않으며, 양 당사자는 보완적인 수준에서 전쟁 중단을 위한 획기적인 노력을 하기로 합의했다.
그리고 양 당사자는 불법단체와 범죄그룹을 소탕하기 위한 Ad Hoc Joint Action Group(AHJAC)의 기능을 강화하기로 합의했다.
그리고 양 당사자는, 안전, 재활, 트리폴리 협약의 이행을 감시하기 위한 Iternational Monitoring Team(AMT) 역할의 중요성을 다시 한번 강조했다. 양 당사자는 민다나오에서 IMT가 계속되길 기대하고 있다.
(보조 해설 : Maradika 신문
GRP-MILF 제6차 회의에서(2004. 12. 20-21), 두 당사자는 말레이지아 정부의 중재 하에, ancestral domain과 관련하여 개념, 영역, 자원, 자치 등 4개의 주제로 세분화하기로 합의했다. 그리고 그들은 양 당사자의 실무 위원회를 활성화 하기로 하였는데, 실무 위원회는 2002. 5. 이래 방관적 지위로 전락한 것이었다.
그리고 그들은 실무 위원회를 다시 위 4개의 주제에 따라 4개의 실무 위원회(technical working group, TWG)로 세분화하기로 합의하였다.
각자 따로 활동한 양쪽의 4개 실무 위원회는, 4. 19. 아침 4개의 주제에 대해 토론하기 시작했고 그 다음 날까지 계속되었다. 토론과정에서 그들은 공통된 내용들을 뽑았는데, 개념과 관련한 6개의 기본 원칙, 영역과 관련한 3개의 기본원칙, 자원과 관련한 6개의 기본원칙, 자치와 관련한 4개의 기본원칙 등이다.
심도깊은 몇 시간의 토론 끝에, 때때로 밤 늦게까지 연장된 토론 긑에, 실무그룹들은 4개의 주제에 대해 16개의 합의 점에 도달했는데, 4. 20. 회의 때 각 패널 대표들이 채택할 수 있게, 실무 위원회 의장들이 각 서명을 하였다.
그러나 양 측은 ‘자치’와 관련해서는 합의하는데 실패하고, 올해 6월에 있을 회의에서 다시 논의하기로 하였다.
분석가들은 이번 회의가 매우 만족스럽다고 평가했다. 그 이유는, 자치는 사실상 평화협상의 가장 마지막으로 중요한 내용이며, 정의와 영속성, 민다나오내의 포괄적인 정치 안전을 찾는 것이기 때문이다.
그러나 GRP, MILF, 말레이지아 정부는 4개의 각 주제들에 대한 세부 사항을 누설하지 않기로 하였다…
* 지난 2월, 술루에서는 일가족이 학살당하는 사건이 발생하였다. 이에 필리핀과 국제사회 평화단체들은 조사단을 구성해 지난3월 26~30일까지 진상조사에 나섰다. 이 성명서는 진상조사 후 발표된 것이다.>
SULU : STATE OF
“Sulu Solidarity
There is a state of war in Sulu right now. Fear and insecurity prevail despite efforts to bring back the situation to normalcy. A collective insecurity persists despite renewed promises of rehabilitation of houses and construction of roads and bridges. There is a raging cry for justice, peace and respect for human rights.
We came to Sulu to see for ourselves the real situation there. Following our three day (March 28-30, 2005) intensive study, investigation and dialogue with the actors in conflict including Ustadz Habier Malik, the 104th Brigade and the 3rd Marine Brigade of the Joint Task Force Comet, we outline below the highlights of our impressions, findings and recommendations:
The humanitarian crisis holds the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) up to 9,879 families or 57,900 persons as of March 24, 2005. At the height of the fighting in February, almost 15% of the total population fled their homes and farms towards safer grounds enduring the harsh conditions of the evacuation centers while others stayed with relatives and friends. From the above figure, DSWD revealed that at least 10,000 IDPs still remain inadequately served. Furthermore, because of on-going military operations and difficulty in documentation, many of those who chose to stay with their relatives did not receive any relief assistance. While there appears to be no reported casualties and deaths in the evacuation centers yet, the sheer number of people displaced presents to us the real casualties of war.
Triggering the armed conflict is the killing of four residents of Sitio Baunu Ice, Barangay Kapuk Punggul, Maimbung in the early morning of
Tal and Nurshida, was shot in the hand. Two of the three other Padiwan children, aged 10 and 3, were also inside the house during the shooting. Two soldiers from the Bravo Company of the 53rd IB were also killed during the incident. While there are various versions on what actually transpired in that fateful morning, we are gravely disturbed that civilians, especially a pregnant woman and children have become casualties of the hostilities. Unfortunately, witnesses to the incident, including Almujayyal, had not been accessible to the peace mission for security reasons.
Considering the gravity of this case and its relationship to the conflict in Sulu, the mission sees the urgent need of an independent probe that would allow witnesses to surface and hold perpetrators accountable.
It is the general impression of the mission that there is a mishandling of the issue by the national government. There is no categorical policy from OPAPP, AFP and Malacañang for that matter on how the MNLF-Misuari group should be handled. As far as the Task Force Comet is concerned, there is no more distinction between the MNLF-Misuari group, Abu Sayaf, terrorists and lawless elements. By so doing, the opportunity was lost to bring in the mainstream MNLF to a moderate approach via the 1996 Peace Agreement.
The MNLF Misuari group still recognizes the 1996 Peace Agreement. Accordingly, they will only agree to talk and declare a ceasefire if the parties will take up the causes of the war, address the implement-tation of the 1996 Peace Agreement and speedy trial and justice for Chairman Nur Misuari.
The role of the local government units is considered critical in mediating the current conflict. It is the military which controls decisions and policies regarding peace and order and security issues in the area. The PNP which is supposed to be under the Mayors, report directly to the military.
From the foregoing, we propose the following recommendations :
1. For the government and the MNLF Misuari group to hold talks on the status and implementation of the 1996 Peace Agreement on the Misuari issue and on the Sulu situation, the latter discussion to include the key leaders of the MNLF Misuari group in Sulu. For the parties concerned to reactivate the tripartite (GRP-MNLF-OIC) mechanism, including the Joint Monitoring Committee;
2. For the government and the MNLF Misuari group to declare at least a temporary SOMO (suspension of military operations) or SOMA (suspension of offensive military actions) in Sulu. For the parties, in their talks on the Sulu situation, to explore cooperation in the interdiction of the criminal elements;
3. For all concerned parties, including international humanitarian organizations, to ensure the effective protection, adequate relief, voluntary return, and sustainable rehabilitation of the
internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Sulu in accordance with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (UNGPID);
4. Conduct of an independent and competent investigation of the February 1 incident which sparked the February hostilities in Sulu, including the consolidation of all existing and available fact-finding reports, testimonies and evidentiary material;
5. Undertake corrective and preventive action on human rights violations, including whatever possible action on recently documented cases in Sulu. Establish an office of the Commission of
Human Rights (CHR) in Sulu. Reinforce the prosecutorial and judicial system in Sulu for the handling of human rights complaints and cases;
6. Promote and institutionalize education on human rights, United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (UNGPID), international humanitarian laws especially with the AFP, PNP, MNLF Misuari group in Sulu tapping for this purpose the CHR, ICRC, PNRC, national IHL committee and various human rights and humanitarian NGOs;
7. For the constitutional principle of the supremacy of civilian authority over the military to be adhered to both at the national level and in Sulu especially on questions of war and peace. Matters of the peace processes, the MNLF question and Sulu peace and development should not be mainly left in military hands or determined by military minds;
8. Achieve coherence, consistency and continuity in national policies on the peace process in general and on the Sulu situation in particular. Review the "Road Map for Sulu", particularly as it relates to the MNLF problem;
9. Require the active presence of the town and barangay officials of Sulu for their effective action for peace and development including local conflict-resolution / mediation efforts and livelihood/business initiatives;
10. Maximize civil society participation in Sulu peace and development efforts, especially in addressing the conflict between the government and the MNLF-Misuari group and in responding to the Provincial Executive/ Legislative Agenda to "Rebuild Sulu".
Participating Organizations :
Bangsamoro Women Solidarity Forum (Jolo Host)
Concerned Citizens of Sulu (Jolo Host)
Sulu Civil Society Assembly (Jolo Host)
Peace Advocates Zamboanga (Zamboanga Host)
Consortium of Bangsamoro Civil Society -
Gathering for Peace - Manila
Initiatives for International Dialogue - Mindanao
Kadtuntaya Foundation, Inc. -
Saligan Mindanaw -
International Observers from
민다나오 역사에 대하여
(IID 자료 번역)
1. 필리핀은, 약 7,100개의 섬(약 1,000여개의 섬에만 사람이 살고 있음)이 있는데, 크게 루존, 비사야스, 민다나오, 3개의 그룹으로 나누볼 수 있음. 민다나오에는 1,600만명이 살고 있고, 필리핀에서 두번째로 큰 섬임. 필리핀 사람들은, 민다나오에 대하여 위험하면서 약속의 땅, 잘살면서도 부족한 것이 많은 땅, 빠른 발전과 빠른 속도로 확산되는 가난 등, 상반되는 이미지들을 가지고 있다.
식민지 정책은, 민다나오의 인구 구성을 바꾸어놓았다. 식민지 정책으로 많은 원주민들이 땅을 잃었고, 식민지 정책은 많은 다른 부족들에 대하여 나쁜 편견을 심어 주었다. 또한 식민지 정책은, 모슬림들을 소외시키는 과정이기도 했다. 1970년대 초, bangsamoro(아래 설명) 사람들은, 모슬림-크리스챤 분쟁이라고도 불리는, 독립을 위하여 다시 모이기 시작했다.
참고로, 필리핀 모슬림을 무법자 또는 반역자로 생각하는 사람들이 많은데, 이는 모슬림들이 그 동안 식민주의 정책에 강력히 저항해 왔기 때문일 것이다.
필리핀의 역사는 크게, 식민통치 이전, 스페인 식민 통치, 미국 식민통치, 독립 이후로 나누어볼 수 있음. 따라서, 민다나오 역사에 이에 따라 살펴보기로 함.
2. 모로는, 이슬람을 믿는, 민다나오와 술루에 사는 사람들(13개 부족)을 의미한다. 모슬림 아랍 상인들이 10세기-12세기, 무역을 하면서, 이 곳에 이슬람을 퍼뜨렸다.
13개 부족은 다음과 같다. 우선 정치적으로 큰 영향력을 행사하는 3개의 부족이 있는데, ‘maguindanaons(cotabato 지역 중심)’, ‘maranaws(lanao 지역 중심)’, ‘tausug(sulu 지역 중심)’이다.
그리고 나머지는 ‘yakans’, ‘badjaw’, ‘sama’, ‘jama mapun’, ‘lawani’, ‘melebuganon’,
’sangil’, ‘kalagans’, ‘kalibugan’, ‘iranun’이다.
모로라는 말은, 스페인 식민 통치 시기에 스페인이 필리핀 모슬림에게 붙여준 것임.
민다나오, 술루 모슬림들이 스페인의 개종정책에 강력이 저항했는데, 그들이 마치, 이베리아 반도를 7세기 동안 점령해온 무어인들을 연상시켜, 그들을 ‘모어’라고 부름(‘모어’에, ‘야만인’, ‘피에 굶주린’ 뜻을 함축하고 있다고 함). 그 당시 필리핀 남부 모슬림들로서는 ‘모로’라는 단어가, 그들의 명예를 훼손하고, 모역적이라고 생각했기 때문에, ‘모로’라고 불리는 것을 싫어했음.
그러나, 점점, 그들 스스로가, ‘모로’ 또는 ‘모로 사람(bangsa moro, bangsa는 people을 의미함)’이라는 용어를 사용하고 있음. 스스로를 ‘모로’라고 부름으로써, 그들이 필리핀과 다른 정체성을 가지고 있고, 제국주의에 강력히 저항한 역사를 가진 사람들임을 표현하고자 함.
‘bangsamoro’ 이데올로기를 통해, 필리핀 남부 모슬림들의 통합과 자각을 강조하고자 함.
3. 스페인 식민통치(1571-1891)
스페인은, 루존과 비사야스를 지배하고, 개종정책에 성공하였음. 그러나 민다나오에서는 북동쪽과 잠보앙가에 발판을 구축하기는 했으나, 식민지 지배에 실패하고 말았음. 이 지역에는 모슬림(모로라고 불리우는)과 원주민들(lumad 라고 불리는, lumad는, 원주민을 의미하는 비사얀 방언인데, 약 20여년전부터, 모슬림도 아니고 크리스챤도 아닌, 원주민들을 그렇게 부르고 있음. 18개의 원주민 부족이 있음. 20세기 초, lumad는, 민다나오 24개의 province 중 17개를 차지했는데, 1980년 조사에 의하면 그들은 민다나오와 술루 전체 인구의 6%만 차지하고 있음. 정부의 이주 정책이 그 원인임. Bukidnon만 보더라도, 전체 인구가 1948년 63,470명에서, 1960년 194,368명, 그리고 1970년에는 414,762명이었는데, 원주민의 인구는 64%, 33%, 14%로 점점 줄고 있음. 그들은 토지 소유와 관련하여, ‘공동체 소유’ 개념을 갖고 있음. 한 공동체가 일정 지역의 땅을 소유하면, 그 안에서 공동으로 사용할 수 있는 권리를 갖고 있다고 봄. 이들은 모로와 달리 자체적으로 무장 단체를 갖고 있지 않으며 필리핀 정부를 향해 무장투쟁을 전개한 적도 없다. 이주민들이 자신들의 주거지로 들어왔을 때 이들은, 산이나 숲으로 쫓겨났다. 그러나 모로와 NPA에서 이들을 자신들의 무장단체에 포함시키기 위해 무단히 노력하고 있다고 함. 이들 땅의 대부분은 이미 다국적 기업, 벌목회사, 재력가들이 소유하고 있음.)이 살고 있었음.
15세기 중반부터, 미국 식민 초기까지, 이슬람 부족들은, ‘sultanates’라고 알려진, 선진적인 정치, 사회 조직을 갖고 있었다. 영향력 있는 sultanates’로는 ‘magindanaw’, ‘buayan’, ‘sulu’가 있었다. Sultanates는, 그들의 지도자 술탄의 능력 여하에 따라 지배영역의 범위가 좌우되었다. 이들은, 주로 부족을 중심으로 형성되었다. 민다나오가 무력충돌을 선호하는 근원이, 이와 같이 땅과 그곳 주민들을 포섭하려는 데에서부터 찾는 사람들이 많이 있다.
확실히, 스페인의 식민정책이 시작할 때, 민다나오 모슬림들은, 원칙적으로 무력으로 통해 저항해 왔다. 결국, 스페인은, 모로 사람들을 개종하는데 실패했다. 그러나, sultanates의 기본이 되는 원거리 해상무역을 차단함으로써, 그들을 고립시켰다. 여튼, 민다나오와 술루는, 루존이나 비사야스와 달리, 스페인 식민지에 포함되지 않았었다.
4. 미국의 식민 통치
미국-스페인 전쟁(1896-1998) 후, 1898년 파리조약이 체결되었는데, 이 때 미국이 스페인에게 2000만 달러를 지불하고 필리핀 전역(민다나오를 포함)을 받음. 스페인이 물러난 후 필리핀은 독립을 되찾는 듯 했으나, 바로 미국이 쳐들어왔음.
필리핀 정부는, 모로와 동맹을 체결하고 대항하려고 하였으나, 스페인 식민지 정책으로 크리스챤들에 대해 불신을 쌓아온 모로들이 동맹을 거절함. 미국은 이와 같은 상황을 적절히 이용하여, 새 정부를 세우고 민다나오를 정복함.
미국은 민다나오까지 포함한, 모든 필리핀 전역을 지배하게 되었다. 그리고, 그 당시 미국 식민지 필리핀은, 토지 소유권과 관련한 법을 몇 개 통과시켰는데, 이 법들은 민다나오와 술루의 sultanates의 지배권을 침해하였다. 결국, 이 법들로 인해 모로와 원주민들은, 떠돌이 신세로 전락하게 되었다.
이 법들은 다음과 같다.
1) the Land Registration Act of 1902
이 법은, 토지 등록에 관한 사항을 규정하고 있다(우리 일제시대의, 토지조사제도와 같은 것..). 그런데, 토지등록제도는, 모로들의 관습법에 정면 반하는 것임. 그들의 관습법에는 토지에 대한 배타적 소유권이라는 것이 없었음. 토지와 모든 창조물은 신의 것이고, 사람은 단지 수탁자, 또는 신의 창조물을 관리하는 사람에 불과함. 식민통치 이전에는, 이와 같은 원칙이 작용했기에, 사용권만 있었고, 이러한 것을, 술탄이 관리하였음. 이러한 관습 때문에, 이 법이 시행된 이후에도 많은 사람들이 토지 등록을 하지 않았음. 따라서, 토지등록을 한 일부 모로와 귀족들이 거대한 토지를 소유하게 되었다.
2) the
이 법은, 공용토지의 처분과 개인 및 회사 소유권의 제한에 관한 사항을 규정하고 있다. 이 법에 의하면, 회사는 1,604헥타르가 소유할 수 있는 반면, 개인은 16헥타르까지 소유할 수 있다.
3) the Pubilc Land Act of 1902
토지등록제도의 시행결과, 미등록된 토지는 자동으로 공용토지가 되었다.
이 법에 의하여, 공용토지를 국적에 상관없이 필리핀, 미국, 그리고 다른 사람들에게 양도하였음. 이 법에 의해, 자작농장 시스템이 도입됨(?).
4) Policies establishing migrant colonies in Mindano.
1913년, 루존과 비사야스 지역에 토지가 없는 사람들을 민다나오로 이주하는 정책을 세움. 이 법이 그 정책을 구체화함.
이와 같은 제도들을 통해, 모로 지역에 들어온 기독교 정착자들은, 소위 선한 관계를 향상시킨다는 명목하에, 모로사회에 침투하여 생활함. 그러나, 식민당국의 목적은, 이를 통해 분리 정책을 펴려고 하였음. 우선, 이와 같은 제도들을 통해, 루존섬에 있는 반체제 세력들을 달래려고 하였다. 민다나오에 이주한 사람들 대다수는, 루존과 비사야스 지역에서, 문제가 많은 사람들이었다. 식민당국은, 이주민드에게는 16헥타르까지의 소유권을 인정했으면서, 토착민들에게는 10헥타르(그것도, 나중에는 8헥타르로 줄어듦)까지 소유권을 인정했다. 기독교 필리핀 군대가, 모로들의 저항을 억압했음은 말할나위도 없다. 이와 같은 현실에서, 토착민들과 이주자들이 평화롭게 공존한다는 것은 거의 불가능했다.
5. 독립 이후
1946년, 필리핀은 마침내 해방이 되었다.
독립한 필리핀은, 일부 모로를 포함한 지역 엘리트들에게 정치에 참여할 수 있는 기회를 제공하였다. 그러나, 대부분의 모로들은, 크리스챤 필리핀들이 중심되는 국가 건설에서 소외될 수 밖에 없었다.
국가 건설의 주도권은 크리스챤들이 잡았고, 모로들은 점점 그들의 고향에서 불법으로 땅을 점유하는 자들로 전락하고 말았다.
많은 모로들에게, 새로운 국가 건설은, 또 다른 공포로 다가왔다. 1935년, Marnaw datus 그룹은, 루즈벨트 대통령에게 독립을 요구하기도 했다. 그리고 훨씬 이전에도, 몇몇 술탄 들이, 술루의 독립을 요구하기도 했다.
국가 건설은, 다수의 가치관, 예를 들면, 기독교의 가치관에 기초할 수 밖에 없었다. 그런데 이 같은 정체성는, 자생적인 정치 발전을 통한 가치관이 아니라, 기존 식민 정책의 혼합물에 불과한 것이었다. 다수의 가치관을 중심으로 한 통합이 필요한 국가건설에서, 소수의 가치관은 이상한 것으로 받아들여지고, 그와 같은 사람들은 소외되고 만다. 그리고 그와 같은 상황에서, 그들의 정치, 사회적 영역은 점점 좁아지게 된다.
그리하여, 필리핀 독립 후 새롭게 국가 건설이 진행될 대, 민다나오 내에는 긴장감과 무력 충돌이 계속되었다. 무력충돌의 원인은, 대부분 토지와 관련한 분쟁, 동물들에 대한 공격, 소유권을 침해하는 범죄와 관련된 것들이었다. 이와 같은 긴장은, 모로들이 개별적 군대를 조직함으로써 더 악화되었다. 민다나오의 부는, 총과 폭력배를 고용한 사람들에게 귀속되었고, 이주자들과 토착 엘리트들에게 귀속되었다.
그리고, 독립 후 정부는, 루존과 비사야스에 사는 무자력자들의 소요를 예방한다는 차원에서 역시 민다나오로의 이주 정책을 실시했다. 1960년대에는 매주 수천명이 이주했고, 이로 인해 땅과 관련한 분쟁이 악화되었고, 긴장감이 고조되었다. 그런데, 정부는 이를 모로의 ‘침략성’을 보여주는 사례로 보고, 모로 지도자들에 대하여 화해공작을 시도했다. 그러나 모로들은, 기존의 정치 조직인 sultanate에서의 자치를 주장하며 독립을 요구하고 있다.
그리고, 토착민과 이주민들 사이의 개인 군대는 갈등을 강화시켰다. 비사야스 이주자 중 일로일로에서 온 이주민들이 코타바또에서 개인 군대 ‘일라가(비사야스 말로 ‘쥐’)’라 창설였고, 이들의 모로에 대한 탄압에 대항하기 dnlkgud, 모로도 개인 군대를 창설하였다.
이주민들의 유입으로, 1960년에는 민다나오 전체인구 중에서 모슬림이 겨우 25% 밖에 되지 않았다(1900년 초에는 민다나오 전체 인구의 75%). 민다나오 대부분 경작지를, 농사를 짓는 이주민들과, 고무, 바나나, 파인애플 등을 생산하는 다국적 기업들이 소유하고 있다. 민다나오가 정부 수입에 상당한 부분 기여하는데(이번 술루에서 만난 분에 의하면, 전체 세입의 60%가 민다나오에서 나오는 거라고), 그에 반해 인프라나 공공서비스 부분등에 대한 투자가 전혀 이루어지지 않고 있다. 특히, 모로가 살고 있는 지역에는 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다고 한다. 곧, 그들의 지도자는 더 이상 협상을 하지 않고, 반란 등을 개시할 거라고 한다.
IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE OMNIPOTENT, THE MERCIFUL
PEACE AGREEMENT
THE FINAL AGREEMENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1976 TRIPOLI AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES (GRP) AND THE MORO NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (MNLF) WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC CONFERENCE MINISTERIAL COMMITTEE OF THE SIX AND THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC CONFERENCE.
WHEREAS, the President of the Republic of the Philippines, His Excellency Fidel V. Ramos has pursued a peaceful settlement of the armed conflict under the principle of peace with honor and to serve the paramount ends of national unity, solidarity and progress for Filipinos;
WHEREAS, the MNLF, led by Professor Nur Misuari, inspired by their quest for peace and prosperity, had in the past asserted the right of the Moro people to freely determine their political status and pursue their religious, social, economic and cultural development;
WHEREAS, the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), upon the request of the GRP initiated the First Formal Peace Talks between the GRP and the MNLF during its Third Ministerial Conference in Jeddah. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which resulted in the signing of the Tripoli Agreement on December 23, 1976, the document, which served as a basis for a just, lasting, honorable and comprehensive solution to the problem in Southern Philippines within the framework of the Philippine Constitution;
WHEREAS, by the grace of the Almighty God and owing to the bold and innovative initiative of the Philippine Government, under H.E. President Fidel V. Ramos. and the dedication and the perseverance of his duly appointed representatives, headed by Presidential Adviser for the Peace Process Manuel T. Yan, coupled with the highly positive and laudable response of the MNLF leadership under its founding Chairman, H.E. Prof. Nur Misuari, a peace process has been conducted and pursued successfully for the last four (4) years, with the most constructive and beneficial participation of the OIC Ministerial Committee of the Six, headed by its distinguished Chairman, H.E. Ali Alatas, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, and his four (4) able assistants as facilitators of the talks, namely: H.E. Ambassador S. Wiryono. H.E. Dr. Hassan Wirajuda, H.E. Ambassador Pieter Damanik, and H.E. Ambassador Abu Hartono, and the OIC Secretary General, H.E. Dr. Hamid Algabid, and his deputy, H.E. Ambassador Mohammed Mohsin, and with special mention to Libyan Ambassador, H.E. Rajab Azzarouq;
WHEREAS, the parties acknowledge the valuable role of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) in promoting and upholding the rights, welfare and well-being of Muslims all over the world;
WHEREAS, the parties likewise, acknowledge the role of the OIC Ministerial Committee of the Six comprising the nations of
WHEREAS, in accordance with the Statement of Understanding signed in
WHEREAS, the parties affirm their solemn commitment in the aforementioned Statements of understanding as well as the Memorandum of Agreement signed in the First Round of Formal Peace Talks held in Jakarta, Indonesia on October 25 - November 7, 1993; the Interim Agreement signed in the 2nd Round of Formal Peace Talk held in Jakarta on September 1-5, 1994; the Interim Agreement signed in the 3rd Round of formal Peace Talks held in Jakarta on November 27 - December 1, 1995; the Intern Agreement signed in the 4th Round of Formal Peace Talks held in Jakarta on August 29, 1996; and in the nine (9) meetings of the Mixed Committee held in various places and dates in the Philippines and Indonesia;
WHEREAS, all these agreements resulted from the consensus points reached by the Mixed Committee and the Support Committees (Support Committee No. I - National Defense and Security; Support Committee No. 2 - Education: Support Committee No. 3 -Economic and Financial System, Mines and Minerals; Support Committee No. 4 - Administrative System, Right of Representation and Participation in the National Government, and in all Organs of the State: Support Committee No. 5 - Shariah and the Judiciary; and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Transitional Implementing Structure and Mechanism in meetings held in various places in the Philippines and Indonesia;
WHEREAS, the parties have rationalized and consolidated all the agreements and consensus points reached, with the assistance of the Mixed Committee and the various support committees established for the purpose, into a final peace agreement;
WHEREAS, the parties affirm the sovereignty, territorial integrity and the Constitute of the Republic of the
WHEREAS, this final peace agreement constitutes the full implementation of the Tripoli Agreement.
NOW THEREFORE, THE PARTIES DO HEREBY AGREE ON THE
FOLLOWING:
I. IMPLEMENTING STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF THIS
AGREEMENT
1. Phase 1 shall cover a three (3) year period starting after the signing of the peace agreement with the issuance of Executive Order establishing the Special Zone of Peace and Development (SZOPAD), the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD), and the Consultative Assembly.
During this phase, the process of the joining in of the MNLF elements with The Armed Forces of the
2. Phase 2 shall involve amendment to or repeal of the Organic Act (RA 6734) of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) through Congressional action, after which the amendatory law shall be submitted to the people of the concerned areas in a plebiscite to determine the establishment of a new autonomous government and the specific area of autonomy thereof.
a. While peace and development programs are being implemented in the SZOPAD, a bill to amend or repeal the RA 6734 shall be initiated within Phase 1 (1996-1997). The bill shall include the pertinent provisions of the Final Peace Agreement and the expansion of the present ARMM area of autonomy. After a law shall have been passed by Congress and approved by the President, it shall be submitted to the people for approval in a plebiscite affected areas, within two (2) years from the establishment of the SPCPD (1998).
b. The new area of autonomy shall then be determined by the provinces and cities that will vote/ choose to join the said autonomy (1998). It may be provided by the Congress in a law that clusters of contiguous Muslim dominated municipalities voting in favor of autonomy be merged and constituted into a new province(s), which shall become part of the new Autonomous Region.
II. THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD (PHASE-1)
Phase 1 shall be implemented as follows:
3. There shall be established a Special Zone of Peace and Development in Southern Philippines (SZOPAD) covering the provinces of Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del Sur. Zamboanga del Norte, North Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato. Sarangani and
4. There shall be established a Southern Philippine Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD), composed of one (1) Chairman, one (1) Vice Chairman and three (3) Deputies, one each representing the Muslims, the Christians, and the Cultural Communities. They shall be appointed by the president.
5. The SPCPD shall be assisted by the Darul Iftah (advisory council), which shall be created by the Chairman of the SPCPD.
6. The local government units in the area including the ARMM shall continue to exist and exercise their functions in accordance with the existing laws.
7. Appropriate agencies of the government that are engaged in peace and development activities in the area, such as but not limited to the Southern Philippines Development Authority (SPDA), shall be placed under the control and/or supervision of the Council as its implementing agencies to ensure that peace and development projects and programs are effectively accomplished.
Based on the foregoing, the following agencies or entities will be placed under the control and/or supervision of the SPCPD, to wit:
a. The Southern Philippines Development Authority (SPDA) may be attached to the SPCPD and be placed under the latter's direct supervision insofar as SPDA offices and projects in the SZOPAD are concerned. The SPCPD can exercise a. further degree of control over SPDA by allowing the Council to submit recommendees to the President for appointment as officials of SPDA.
b. The Regional and Field Offices of the Office of Muslim Affair (OMA) which are situated and operating within the Special Zone of Peace and Development (SZOPAD), shall be placed under the direct supervision of SPCPD, provided that the coordination, linkages and complementation between the central OMA and SPCPD shall be defined by a Presidential issuance;
c. The Regional and field Offices of the Office of Southern Cultural Communities (OSCC) which are situated and operating within the Special Zone of Peace and Development (SZOPAD), shall be placed under the direct supervision of SPCPD, provided that the coordination, linkages and complementation between the central OSCC and SPCPD shall be defined by a Presidential issuance;
d. Task Force Basilan, which shall be reorganized into the Basilan Development Task Force, to undertake development activities in Basilan shall be placed under the control and supervision of SPCPD;
e. Task Force MALMAR - to be reorganized into the Central Mindanao Development Task Force, lo undertake development activities in
f. Sulu Development task force - an inter-agency task force that shall be organized to undertake development projects in Sulu -- shall be placed under the control and supervision of SPCPD; and
g. Special Development Planning Group - this is an ad hoc body composed of staff (officers and planning experts from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and other concerned agencies which could be organized to directly support the staff planning requirements, shall be placed under SPCPD.
The foregoing enumeration of agencies or entities shall not preclude the President from exercising his power or discretion to delegate, subject to existing laws, certain powers or functions to the SPCPD, or to place under agencies or entities under the control and/or supervision of the latter.
8. The SPCPD, in consultation with the Consultative Assembly utilizing the funds from the National Government shall monitor, promote and coordinate the development efforts in the area, including the attraction of foreign investment, especially from OIC member-countries and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
9. The powers and functions of the SPCPD and the Consultative Assembly are derivative and extension of the powers of the President the powers referred to here are only those powers of the President that could be delegated under the Constitution and existing laws.
10. There shall be established a Consultative Assembly with 81 members composed of the following:
a. The Chairman of the SPCPD shall be the head and presiding officer of the assembly;
b. The Governor and the Vice Governor of the ARMM, and 14 Governor's of the provinces and the 9 City Mayors in the SZOPAD;
c. 44 members from the MNLF: and
d. 11 members from various sector recommended by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and people's organizations ( POs).
11. The Consultative Assembly shall exercise the following functions and powers:
a. To serve as forum for consultation and ventilation of issues and concerns;
b. To conduct public bearings as may be necessary and to provide appropriate advice to the SPCPD; and
c. To formulate and recommend policies to the President through the chairman of the SPCPD and make rules and regulations to the extent necessary for the effective and efficient administration of the affairs of the area.
12. The OIC shall be requested to continue to extend its assistance and good offices in monitoring the full implementation of this agreement during the transitional period until the regular autonomous government is firmly established and for this purpose, help generate broad international support for the Zone of Peace and Development.
13. A Joint Monitoring Committee composed of members coming from the GRP and the MNLF, with the help of the OIC, shall continue to meet to review and identify agreements that can be immediately implemented, and monitor the implementation of this Agreement during Phase 1.
14. The provisions of the 1994 and 1995 Interim Agreements and subsequent agreement entered into by the GRP and the MNLF (hat would not require legislative action shall be implemented during Phase 1.
15. The funds for the operations of the Council and the Assembly shall be initially sourced from the funds of the Office of the President. Funding for development programs and projects shall come from the appropriations of Congress as may be drawn from the General Appropriations Act. A supplementary budget for the year 1996 will be recommended to Congress for the purpose.
16. The term of the SPCPD and the Consultative Assembly shall be for a period of three years and may be extended by the President upon recommendation of the Council itself.
17. The term of office of the SPCPD and the Assembly shall coincide with the three-year term of office of the officials of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) elected in l996.
18. The powers and functions of the Council shall be as follows:
a. To take charge in promoting, monitoring and coordinating the improvement of peace and order in the area.
b. To focus, on peace and development efforts more particularly in the depressed areas and cause the in implementation of peace and development projects;
c. To provide support to local government units as necessary;
d. To exercise such other powers and functions necessary for the effective implementation of its mandate as may be delegated by the President;
e. To assist in the preparation for the hiding of elections, referenda or plebiscite and people's initiative in the area as may be duly deputized by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC);
f. To cause the creation of such offices or instrumentalities as shall be necessary for the effective and efficient administration of the affairs of the areas. There shall be approval from the Office of the President for budgetary purposes.
19. The joining of die MNLF elements with the Philippine National Police (WP) and the Provision of Security Protection for Certain Officials of the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development;
a. During the transitional phase (phase 1), there shall be a program or process to allow the joining of MNLF elements into the PNP and to be part of the PNP Command in accordance with guidelines and procedures under existing laws. The Philippine Government shall allocate one thousand five hundred (1,500) PNP vacancies for this purpose to be filled up by MNLF elements during the transition period, and another two hundred fifty (250) items for special or auxiliary services.
b. The processing of MNLP elements will start upon the establishment of the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD). The police training programs to be undergone by the joining MNLF elements shall be as prescribed by existing laws and rules and regulations, and shall be conducted by the PNP.
c. The concerned of officials of the Council (e.g. the Chairman and his Deputies) shall be provided security and protective assistance by the national government, the security situation warrants and as part of confidence-building measures. An AFP/PNP security detail shall be immediately and particularly assigned lo the Council. This special APP/PNP security detail shall be composed of former MNLF regulars who shall have been granted AFP or PNP appointments and duly integrated into the AFP or PNP. This security detail shall be of appropriate size in accordance with the needs of the situation, without prejudice to augmentation by regular AFP or PNP units as the need arises and in coordination with the AFP and PNP commanders concerned. This security detail which shall not be utilized for law enforcement, but solely for [he security and protection of SPCPD officials concerned, shall conduct themselves in accordance with existing policies and regulations in order to prevent undue alarm to the population during movements of concerned officials.
d. To have good coordination between the AFP and PNP on the one hand and the SPCPD on the other, a liaison system will be set up composed of the AFP, PNP and SPCPD senior officials.
20. The joining of the MNLF forces with the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP):
a. Five thousand seven hundred fifty (5,750) MNLF members shall be integrated into the Armed forces of the Philippines (AFP), 250 of whom shall be absorbed into the auxiliary services. The government shall exert utmost efforts to establish the necessary conditions that would ensure the eventual integration of the maximum number of the remaining MNLP forces into the Special Regional Security Force (SRSF) and other agencies and instrumentalities of the government There shall be a special socio-economic, cultural and educational program to cater to MNLF forces not absorbed into the AFP PNP and the SRSF to prepare them and their families for productive endeavors, provide for educational, technical skills and livelihood training and give them priority for hiring in development projects.
b. In the beginning, the MNLF forces will join as units distinct from AFP units. They will be initially organized into separate units within a transition period, until such time that mutual confidence is developed as the members of these separate-units will be gradually integrated into regular AFP units deployed in the area of autonomy. Subjects to existing laws, policies, rules and regulations, and approbate authorities shall waive the requirements and qualifications for entry of MNLF forces into the AFP.
c. One from among the MNLF will assume the functions and responsibilities of a Deputy Commander of the Southern Command. AFP, for separate units that will be organized out of the MNLF forces joining the AFP. The Deputy Commander will assist the Commander of the Southern Command. AFP in the command, administration and control of such separate units throughout the aforementioned transition period. The Deputy Commander will he given an appointment commensurate to his position and shall be addressed as such.
d. The government recognizer the skills, capabilities and achievements of the MNLP and its capacity to develop its members for the highest echelons of military and civilian leadership. The ranks and grades of MNLF forces joining the AFP shall be subject to the decision of the President in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the AFP along the principles of universality, non-discrimination, equity and preferential treatment for the poor and underprivileged.
d. The government shall take affirmative measures to continually improve the capabilities of those MNLF forces joining the AFP to enhance their opportunities for professional advancement in the military service. It shall undertake initiatives to provide professional training and military schooling in foreign countries to former MNLF members absorbed into the AFP in consonance with the education and training programmes with the AFP.
f. All other matters regarding the joining of MNLF forces into the AFP not expressly covered by this agreement shall be prescribed by the President in his capacity as the Commander-in-Chief of the APP.
III. THE NEW REGIONAL AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT (PHASE-2)
The following provisions shall be implemented after a law amending or repeating the Organic Act of ARMM shall have been enacted by Congress and approved by the people in the concerned areas in a plebiscite therefore. Accordingly, these provisions shall be recommended by the GRP to Congress for incorporation in the amendatory or repealing law.
A. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM AND REPRESENTATION IN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
21. Executive power shall be vested in tile Head of the regular Autonomous Government duly elected at large by direct vow of the people of the Autonomous Region. There shall also be a Vice-Head of the Regional Autonomous Government also elected in the same manner. The Head of the Regional Autonomous Government may appoint three (3) Deputies. The Head, the Vice-Head and the three (3) Deputies shall comprise the Executive Council of the area of Autonomy.
22. The President shall exercise general supervision over the Regional Autonomous Government and all local government units in the area of Autonomy through the Head of the Regional Autonomous Government to ensure that laws are faithfully executed.
The Head of the Autonomous Government shall exercise general supervision over all local government units in the area of autonomy to ensure that national and regional laws are faithfully executed, and see to it that they act within their assigned powers and functions.
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
23. Legislative power shall be vested in the Regional Legislative Assembly.
24. The Legislative Assembly shall be composed of members elected by popular vote, with three (3) members elected from each of the Congressional Districts.
25. There shall be sectoral representatives in the Legislative Assembly whose number shall not exceed fifteen percent (15%) of the total number of elected Members of the Legislative Assembly coming from the labor, disabled, industrial, indigenous cultural communities, youth, women, non-government organizations, agricultural, and such other sectors as may be provided by Regional Law to be appointed by the Head of the Autonomous Government from among the nominees of the different Sectoral groups; provided, however, that the youth representative shall not be less than 18 years of age nor more than 21 years of age at the lime of his appointment.
26. The people's initiative, by way a plebiscite or referendum, is recognized.
27. The Regional Legislative Assembly shall exercise legislative power for application in the area of autonomy except on the following matters, to wit:
a. Foreign Affair's;
b. National Defense and Security:
c. Postal Service
d. Coinage. Fiscal and Monetary Policies,
e. Administration of Justice except on matters pertaining to Shariah;
f. Quarantine;
g. Customs and Tariff;
h. Citizenship;
i. Naturalization Immigration and Deportation;
J. General Auditing, Civil Service and Elections;
k. Foreign Trade;
1. Maritime, Land and Air Transportation and Communications that affect areas outside the autonomous region: and
m. Patents. Trademarks, Tradenames and Copyrights.
28. The Legislative Assembly may create, divide, merge, abolish or substantially alter boundaries of local government units in the area of autonomy in accordance with the criteria laid down by law subject to approval by a majority of the voles cast in a plebiscite called for the purpose in the political units affected. It may also change the names of such local government units, public places and institutions.
29. Any member of the Legislative Assembly who accepts an appointment and qualifies for any position in the Government, including government-owned-and/or controlled corporations or institutions and their subsidiaries, shall automatically forfeit his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
30. No member of the Legislative Assembly may personally appear as counsel before courts of justice or quasi-judicial and other administrative bodies. Neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested financially in any contract with or in any franchise or privilege granted by, the government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned-and/or-controlled corporation or its subsidiary, during his term of office. He shall not intervene in any matter before any office of the government for his pecuniary benefit or where he may be called upon to act on account of his office.
31. In case of vacancy in the Legislative Assembly occurring at least one year before the expiration of the term of office, a special election shall be called to fill the vacancy in the manner prescribed by law; provided, that the member elected shall serve for the unexpired term.
32 The Legislative Assembly shall elect from among its member a Speaker and such other officers as the rules may provide. The speaker shall appoint the personnel of the administrative organization of the Legislative Assembly.
33. The powers, functions, responsibilities and structure of the different Departments, agencies, bureaus, offices and instrumentalities of the regional government including regional government-owned-and controlled corporations in the areas of the autonomy shall be prescribed and defined by the Regional Legislative Assembly.
34. No person shall be elected member of the Legislative Assembly, unless he/she is:
a. A natural-born citizen of the
b. At least 21 years of age on the day of election;
c. Able lo read and write;
d. A registered voter of the district in which he/she shall be elected on the day he/she files his/her certificate of candidacy; and
c. A resident thereof for a period of no less than five years immediately preceding the day of election.
35. Every member of the Legislative Assembly shall take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the Republic of the
36. The Legislative Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure by a majority vote of all its Members including the selection of members of its standing communities and the suspension or expulsion of its Members.
37. A Majority of all the Members of the Assembly shall constitute a quorum to do business, but & smaller number may adjourn from day-to-day and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as the Assembly may provide.
38. The Legislative Assembly or any of its committees may conduct inquiries or public consultations in aid of legislation in accordance of its rules. The rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries shall be respected.
39. The Legislative Assembly shall keep a journal of its proceedings and a record of its caucuses and meetings. The records and books of account of the Assembly shall be preserved and be open to public scrutiny. The Commission on Audit shall publish an annual report of the itemized list of expenditures incurred by the Members of the Assembly within sixty (60) days from the end of every regular session.
40. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly shall, within, ten working days from approval thereof, submit to the President and to both Houses of Congress a certified true copy of all laws and resolutions approved by the Legislative Assembly.
41. No member shall be questioned or held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the Assembly or in any committee thereof.
42. The Chief Executive of the Autonomous Government shall approve the budget of the Autonomous Region, if, by the end of any fiscal year the Legislative Assembly shall have failed to pass the regional appropriation a bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the regional Appropriations Act for the preceding fiscal year shall be deemed automatically re-enacted and shall remain in Force and effect until the regional appropriations bill is passed by the Legislative Assembly.
43. No provision or enactment shall he embraced in the regional appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates
44. The procedure in approving appropriations for the Legislative Assembly shall strictly follow the procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and agencies of the Regional Government.
45. A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall be supported by funds actually available as certified by the Regional Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal therein.
46. Discretionary funds appropriated for particular offices shall he disbursed only for public purposes to be supported by appropriate vouchers and subject to such guidelines as may be prescribed by regional law.
47. All money collected on any regional tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for such special purpose only. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall accrue to the general funds of the regional government.
48. Trust funds shall only be paid out of the regional treasury upon fulfillment of the specific purpose for which said funds were created or received.
49. Except as provided by its rules, the Legislative Assembly shall meet in open session. Regular session shall commence on the 4th Monday of April and shall continue to be in session for such member of days as may be determined by the Assembly until thirty (30) days before the opening of its next regular session.
50. The Legislative Assembly shall meet in special sessions at the request of one-third (1/3) of all its Member or by call of the Chief Executive. Such special sessions must be convened with specific agenda.
51. No bill shall become a law unless it has passed three (3) readings on separate days and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its members three (3) days before its passage, except when the Chief Executive certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency.
52. Every bill passed by the Legislative Assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Chief Executive. If he approves the game, he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return it with his objections to the Legislative Assembly, which shall enter the objections at large in its journal and proceed to consider it. If, after such reconsideration. two-thirds (2/3) of all the Members of the Legislative Assembly shall agree to pass the bill, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the veto shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against shall be entered in the journal. The Chief Executive shall communicate his veto of any bill to the Legislative Assembly with in thirty (30) days after the receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
53. The Legislative Assembly may request the presence of the Chief Executive, Vive-Chief Executive, Cabinet members or their deputies, as the rules shall provide, for questioning on manners falling within the scope of their assigned powers and functions.
54. Subject to the rules of the Legislative Assembly, the legislative power to inquire on matters relating to the exercise of administrative functions by an agency of government within the Autonomous Region shall be in the form of written questions.
55. The Chief Executive shall submit to the Legislative Assembly not later than two (2) months before the beginning of every regular session, as the basis of the regional appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures.
56. The fiscal year of the Autonomous Region shall cover the period January 1 to December 31 of the same year.
57. The Legislative Assembly may not increase the appropriations recommended by the Chief Executive for the operation of the Autonomous Government as specified in the budget The form, content and manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by regional law, provided, however, that pending the enactment of such regional law, the budgeting process shall be governed by existing national laws and rules and regulations prescribed by the Department of Budget and Management.
58. The Chief Executive shall have the power lo veto any particular item or items in an appropriation or revenue bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. The veto may be reconsidered by the Assembly by a vote of two-thirds (2/3) of all its members.
59. The financial accounts of the expenditures and revenues of the Autonomous Region shall he audited by the Commission on Audit.
60. No money shall be paid out of the Regional Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by regional law.
61. No regional law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; however, the Chief Executive, the Speaker of the Assembly, and the Presiding Justice of the highest
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
62. The Regional Autonomous Government shall have the power to enact its own Regional Administrative Code and Regional Local Government Code consistent with national laws and the Constitution provided that it shall not in any way diminish the powers and functions already enjoyed by Local Governments Units.
RIGHT OF REPRESENTATTON AND PARTICIPATION IN THE NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT AND IN ALL ORGANS OF THE STATE.
General Principles:
63. Representation in the National Government by the inhabitants of the autonomous region may be effected through appointment or electrons and must be subject to standards and guidelines prescribed for the position. When representation is done by appointment. The inhabitants of the Autonomous Region will be appointed by the resident of the
64. Right of representation shall not be construed in such a way that applicant from the Autonomous Region, especially Muslims and Cultural Communities, for lower positions in the above organs of the government cannot be appointed anymore thereto.
Manner of Representation and participation
Executive
65. It shall be the policy of the National Government that there shall be at least one (1) member of the Cabinet (with the rank of Department Secretary) who is an inhabitant of the Autonomous Region ¹ be recommended by the Head Of the Autonomous Government.
66. It shall likewise be a policy that there shall be at least one (1) official in each of the departments and the constitutional bodies of the national government who shall be appointed in executive, primarily confidential, highly technical or policy determining positions, from among the inhabitants of the Autonomous Region upon recommendations by the Head of the Regional Government. The Head of the Autonomous Government shall participate as ex-officio member of the National Security Council on all matters concerning the Autonomous Region and such other matters as may be determined by the President.
67. Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) or institutions and their subsidiaries in the area of autonomy:
Where Government -Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) are operating mainly or with a subsidiary in the area of autonomy, as a policy, the Regional Autonomous Government shall he given some representation in the Board of Directors or in the policy-making body of said GOCCs or their subsidiaries consistent with their respective charters.
Legislative
68. It shall be the policy of the National Government that the Regional Autonomous Government shall have one (1) representative Congress as Sectoral Representative. This is aside from the representative/congressmen elected from the congressional districts located m the autonomous region.
Judicial
69. It shall be a policy of the national government that at lease one (1) justice in the Supreme Court and at least (2) in the Court of Appeals shall come from the autonomous Region. For this purpose, the Head of the Autonomous Government may submit the names of his recommendees to the Judicial and Bar Council for consideration. This is without prejudice to the appointment of qualified inhabitants of the Autonomous Region to other positions in the judiciary in accordance with their merits and qualifications.
70. The GRP shall endeavor to cause the appointment, as a member of the Judicial and Bar Council, a qualified person to be recommended by the Head of the Regional Autonomous Government.
71. The GRP shall request the Supreme Court to create the Office of the Deputy Court Administration for the Area of Autonomy, and to appoint thereto a qualified person recommend by the Head of the Regional Autonomous Government.
Civil Service Eligibilities
72. The civil service eligibility requirements for appointment to government position shall be applicable in the Autonomous Government As necessary, the Civil Service Commission shall hold special civil service examinations in the region to further increase the number of eligible therein. For a period not longer than five (5) years from the establishment of the Regional Autonomous Government, the GRP will endeavor to provide for appropriate civil service eligibility to applicants in the Autonomous Region, provided, the minimum educational qualifications for the position are met.
B. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SPECIAL REGIONAL SECURITY FORCES FOR THE AUTONOMOUS REGION (PHASE-2 OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
General Principles
73. When the new regular Autonomous Regional Government shall have been established, there shall be created or constituted a PNP Regional Command for the new Autonomous Region, which shall be the Special Regional Security forces (SRSP) as referred to in Paragraph 8. Article III of the
74. The Regional Legislative Assembly may enact laws governing the PNP Regional Command for the Autonomous Region/SRSF consistent with the constitutional provision that there shall be one police force in the country which is national in scope and civilian in character.
75. The PNP Regional Command for the-Autonomous Region/SRSPP shall be composed of the existing PNP units in the area of autonomy, the MNLF elements and other residents of the area who may later on be recruited into the force.
76. The powers and functions of the PNP Regional Command for the Autonomous Region/SRSP, which shall be exercised within the territories covered by the Regional Autonomous Government (RAG), shall be the following:
a. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
b. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safely;
c. Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution;
d. Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with the Constitution and pertinent laws;
c. Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of all his rights under the Constitution and observing the inherent human rights of the citizens; and
f. Perform such other duties and exercise all other function as may be provided by law.
77. The PNP Regional Command for the Autonomous Region/SRSF shall be charged with the maintenance and preservation of peace, law and order, and protection of life, liberty and property in the region in consonance with the Constitution.
Organization of the PNP Regional Command for Autonomous Region/SRSF
78. It shall he civilian in nature or character.
79. It shall be regional in scope of operations.
80. It shall be beaded by a Regional Director who shall be assisted by two (1) Deputies, oaf (1) for Administration and one (I) for Operations.
81. It shall have regional, provincial, and city or municipal offices.
82. At the provincial level, there shall be a provincial office, headed by a Provincial Director.
83. At the city or municipal level, there shall be an office/station, which shall be headed by a Chief of Police.
Powers of the Head of the Regional Autonomous Government over the PNP Regional Command for the Autonomous Region/SRSF.
84. Act as the Deputy of the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) in the region and shall be the ex-officio Chairman of the Regional Police Commission (REPOLCOM).
85. Exercise operational control and general supervision and disciplinary powers.
86. Employ/deploy the elements of the Regional Command through the Regional Director.
87. Assign/reassign officers and other personnel through the Regional Director.
88. Recommend to the President the appointment of the Regional Director and his two (2) Deputies.
89. Oversee the preparation and implementation of the integrated regional public safety plan.
90. Impose, after due notice and summary hearings of citizen's complaints, administrative penalties on personnel of the Regional Command except Presidential Appointees.
Creation of the Regional Police Commission
91. There shall be created a Regional Police Commission (REPOLCOM) by the Regional Legislative Assembly consistent with the Constitution.
92. The REPOLCOM shall be under the supervision of the NAPOLCOM.
93. The Chairman of REPOLCOM shall be an ex-officio Commissioner of the NAPOLCOM.
C. EDUCATION
The Integrated System of Education
94. The Regional Autonomous Government shall have an education component comprising of existing schools, colleges and universities in the present area at autonomy and such other schools and institutions in the future expanded area of autonomy, with the possible inclusion of state universities and colleges (SUCs) to be decided later on. The relationship of the Regional Autonomous Government educational body with the national educational system shall be that of a system and sub-system with emphasis on the autonomy of the sub-system. In the event that SUCs should be included as part of the educational component of the Regional Autonomous Government, the autonomous government recognizes the fiscal autonomy and academic freedom of the SUCs as mandated by their respective charters.
95. The Regional Autonomous Government educational system shall, among others, perpetuates Filipino and Islamic ideals and aspirations, Islamic values and orientations of the Bangsamoro people. It shall develop the total spiritual, intellectual, social, cultural, scientific and physical aspects of the Bangsamoro people to make them God-fearing, productive, patriotic citizens, conscious of their Filipino and Islamic values and Islamic cultural heritage under the aegis of a just and equitable society.
The Structure of Educational System
96. The elementary level shall follow the basic national structure and shall primarily be concerned with providing basic education; the secondary level will correspond to four (4) years of high school, and the tertiary level shall be one year to three (3) years for non-degree courses and four (4) to eight (8) years for degree courses, as the case maybe in accordance with existing laws.
Curriculum
97. The Regional Autonomous Government educational system will adopt the basic core courses for all Filipino children as well as the minimum required learning and orientations provided by the national government, including the subject areas and their daily time allotment. Teaching materials and curriculum contents shall promote solidarity, unity in diversity, Filipino and Islamic values.
98. The addition of more required learning and instructional materials shall be the prerogative and responsibility of the Autonomous Government.
99. The minimum requirements and standards prescribed by Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) will be followed by the Autonomous Region.
100. The same textbooks of the National Government will be used by schools in the Autonomous Region. The formulation, shaping and revision of textbooks are the responsibilities of the Regional Autonomous Government and the National Government and within agreed norms, academic freedom and relevant legal limits, the formulation and revisions shall emphasize Islamic values or orientation, in addition to Filipino values which include Christian values and values of indigenous people, modern sciences and technology as well as the latest educational thrusts. Having adopted the core curriculum of the national government in consideration of achieving the highest quality of education, student and graduates of the education system of the Autonomous Region shall be fully accredited when they transfer to non-autonomous regions.
101. The integration of Islamic values in the curriculum should be done gradually after researches and studies are conducted.
102. The teaching of Islamic values, as well as Filipino values, shall be incorporated in Good Manners and Right Conduct in appropriate grade levels including the tertiary level subject to agreed norms, academic freedom, and legal limitations.
103. Muslim culture, mores, customs and traditions which are mainly based on Islam, as well as the cultures, mores, customs, and traditions of Christians and indigenous people, shall be preserved through the regular public and special schools in the Autonomous Region, considering that schools are perpetuating vehicles of the values of the people.
Administration of Educational System
104. The management and control, and supervision of the entire education system in the area of autonomy shall be the primary concern of the Regional Autonomous Government, consistent with the declared policies of national educational bodies. The national education bodies shall monitor compliance by the regional educational system with national educational policies, standards and regulations in collaboration with the educational authorities of the autonomous region. The head of the educational system of the Regional Autonomous Government shall have the right to participate in policy and decision-making activities of the national educational bodies.
105. The Regional Autonomous Government shaft be represented in the Board of SUCs in the region as co-chairman or at least, co-vice-chairman, as may be provided by law. Appointment to SUC Boards shall be made by the President of the
106. The Regional Autonomous Government will be responsible for specific administrative, management functions and powers, educational supervision and school administration, and regulation over private schools.
117. The Organizational structure of the educational system in the autonomous region shall follow the basic structure of the national educational system. The Regional Legislative Assembly may add special structures, if necessary. It shall follow whatever organizations of the curricular years as found in the national set-up.
108. Locally funded programs will be the responsibility of the Regional Autonomous Government.
109. The selection, requirement appointment and promotion of teachers and employees shall be responsibility of the Regional Autonomous Government in accordance with general qualification standard prescribed by the Civil Service Commission (CSC) provided that the Regional Autonomous Government can initiate regionally-defined standards which are not below national standards.
110. The selection, requirement, appointment and promotion of elementary, secondary and tertiary education employees shall be the responsibility of the Regional Autonomous Government in accordance with general standards of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and other existing recognized bodies.
111. Primary disciplinary authority over officials and employees of the Regional Autonomous Government will be the area of concern of the Regional Autonomous Government in accordance with Civil Service Commission (CSC) rules and regulations. Administrative sanctions deemed appropriate and reasonable as determined by the Civil Service Commission will he the area of concern of the Regional Autonomous Government.
Religious Instruction
112. Religious instruction in public schools should be optional, with the written consent of the parent/guardian, taught by the authorities of the religion to which the student belongs, and should not involve additional costs to the government in accordance with national policies.
Medium of Instruction
113. Filipino and English shall be the medium of instruction in the areas of the Autonomy; provided that Arabic shall be an auxiliary medium of instruction.
114. Regional languages may be used as auxiliary official languages in the region as well as auxiliary medium of instruction and communication.
115. Arabic shall be recognized as a medium of instruction in Madaris (schools) and other Islamic institutions.
116. Arabic shall be taught as a subject in all appropriate grade levels as presently required in the existing laws for Muslims, and optional, tot non-Muslims.
Madrasah Education
117. Existing Madaris, including Madaris Ulya shall be included under the Regional Autonomous Government educational system as presently organized in the area of autonomy.
118. Madaris teachers shall receive compensation out of the funds of the Regional Autonomous Government provided they are employed in the public schools.
Non-formal and Specialized Education
119. The Regional Autonomous Government educational system shall develop the full potentials of its human resources, respond positively to chaining needs and conditions and needs of the environment, and institutionalize non-formal education.
120. The educational system shall respond positively and effectively to the changing needs and conditions of the times as well as regional and national needs of the environmental through the proper use of the latest educational technology, development, planning, monitoring, evaluation, and appropriate and timely educational intervention as well as linkages with national and international institutions.
121. The Regional Autonomous Government educational system shall institutionalize non-formal education in scope and methodology, to include literacy, numeracy and intensive skills training of the youth and adult, to allow them to participate actively and productively in the mainstream of regional and national life.
Scholarship Grant and Assistance
123. The Regional Autonomous Government educational system will handle, by administrative arrangement with the national DECS, CHED, and TESDA scholarship programs, both local and foreign, including those provided by the autonomous region pursuant to the provision of existing laws.
124. Disadvantage but deserving students will be given financial assistance by the Regional Autonomous Government out of funds given by the national government for the purpose and from other sources of funds.
Funds for Education:
125. Funds for education constituting the share of the Regional Autonomous Government as contained in the General Appropriation Act should be given directly to the Autonomous Government.
D. THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM, MINES AND MINERALS
126. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy shall establish its own Regional Economic and Development Planning Board chaired by the Head of Government in the area of autonomy. The Board shall prepare the economic development plans and programs of the Autonomous Government.
127. The pivotal role of the banks and other financial institutions for development in the area of autonomy is recognized.
128. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy has the power to promote tourism as a positive instrument for development provided that the diverse cultural heritage, moral and spiritual values of the people in the area of autonomy shall be strengthened and respected.
129. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy shall have the power to grant incentives including tax holidays within the power and resources in the area of autonomy.
130. The Regional Autonomous Government is the area of autonomy advocates equal opportunities for all the inhabitants of the area of autonomy regardless of ethnic origin, culture, sex, creed and religion.
131. In enacting tax measures, the Regional Legislative Assembly shall observe the principle of uniformity and equity in taxation and shall not impose confiscatory taxes or fees of any kind.
132. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy shall have the power to enact a Regional Tax Code and a regional Local Tax Code applicable to all local government units within the area of autonomy.
133. All corporations, partnerships or business entities directly engaged in business in the area of autonomy shall pay their corresponding taxes, fees, and charges in the province, city or municipality in the area of autonomy where the establishment is doing business.
134. All corporations, partnerships, or business entities whose head of offices are located outside the area of autonomy, but doing business within its territorial jurisdiction, either by using, exploiting, and utilizing the land. Aquatic and all natural resources therein, shall pay their income taxes corresponding to their income realized from their business operation in the area of autonomy through the province, city or municipality where their branch offices are located. In case the business establishment has no branch in the area of autonomy, such business establishment shall pay through the city or municipality where its operation is located.
135. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy as a corporate body may contract domestic loans.
136. The Regional Autonomous Government recognizes the pivotal role played by banks and other financial institutions in the economic development of the area of autonomy. Toward this end, the Autonomous Government shall:
a. Encourage the establishment of banks and bank branches in the area of autonomy;
b. Encourage the entry and establishment of off-shore banking unit of foreign banks in the area of autonomy.
137. The Regional Autonomous Government may accept foreign financial and economic grant for the development and welfare of the people in the region.
138. The Regional Autonomous Government may issue its own treasury bills, bonds, promissory notes, and other debt papers in consultation and coordination with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
139. The Regional Autonomous Government may contract foreign loans within the purview of national laws and pertinent monetary and fiscal policies.
140. In the pursuit of the region's economic growth, development and welfare the autonomous government shall have the right to formulate economic and financial policies and implement economic and financial programs, taking into account national laws and policies.
141. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy shall encourage, promote and support the establishment of economic zones, industrial centers and ports in strategic area and growth centers to attract local and foreign investments and business enterprise.
142. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy shall undertake, encourage, promote and support the establishment of economic zones and industrial centers. And, in order to attract local and foreign investments within the area of the zones and outside but within the area of autonomy, the government in the area of autonomy may grant incentives to investors as may be defined in an Autonomous Investment Act to be formulated by the Regional Legislative Assembly within one year from its organization.
143. The resident in the area of autonomy shall have preferential rights over the exploration, development and utilization of natural resources in the area of autonomy respecting existing rights on the exploitation, exploration, development and utilization of natural resources.
144. The Regional Autonomous Government in the area of autonomy shall enjoy fiscal autonomy in budgeting its own revenue resources and block subsides granted to it by the National Government and foreign donors. Budgeting includes planning, programming and disbursing of funds.
145. The National Government shall appropriate for the of autonomy a sufficient amount and for a period (both to be determined later) for infrastructure projects which shall be based on a development plan duly approved by the Regional Autonomous Government taking into account national policies.
146. Except strategic minerals, which will be defined later, the control and supervision over the exploration, exploitation, development, utilization and protection of mines and minerals in the area of autonomy shall be vested in the Regional Autonomous Government.
147. In the regulation of the exploration, utilization, development, protection of the natural resources inclusive of mines and minerals. Except strategic minerals, which will be defined later, the government in the area of autonomy shall enact rules and regulation and shall impose regulatory fees, taking into account national policies.
148. An Islamic Banking Unit shall be established in the Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas which shall be staffed by qualified Islamic banking experts nominated by the Governor of the Regional Autonomous Government. The Governor of the Regional Autonomous Government shall nominate at least three (3) qualified persons from the area of autonomy, from which nomination the appointing authority shall appoint the Head of the Unit. The same procedure shall be observed as regards the rest of the positions in the unit.
149. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas shall have a Regional Office with full banking service in the capital of the government of the Autonomous Government to respond to the growing needs of the banking community in the area of autonomy which shall be established within one (1) year from the establishment of the Autonomous Government. The Governor of the Autonomous Government shall submit a list of qualified recommendees to the appointing authority from which the staff of the regional office may be chosen: provided that thaw staff who are now occupying and already appointed to positions in the regional office an considered as recommended by the Governor of the Regional Autonomous Government.
150. The Regional Autonomous Government shall establish a body in the area of autonomy with the same powers as the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) consistent with the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995.
151. All current year collections of Internal Revenue taxes within the area of autonomy shall, for a period of five (5) years, be allotted for the Regional Autonomous Government (RAG) in the Annual General Appropriations Act; provided, that;
a. The Bureau on Internal Revenue (BIR) shall continue to collect such taxes and the BIR Collection Districts/Offices concerned shall ream such collections and remit the same to the RAG through an approved depository bank within thirty (30) days from the end of each quarter of the current year;
b. Out of said internal revenue tax collections, fifty percent (50%) of the tax collected under section 100 (Value-added tax on sale of goods), 102 (Value-added tax on sale of services), 112 (Tax on persons exempt from value-added tax), 113 (Hotel, motels and others), and 114 (Caterers) of the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC), as amended, in excess of the increase in collections for the immediately preceding year shall be shared by the RAG and-the local government units (LGUs) within the area of autonomy as follows:
(1) Twenty percent (20%) shall accrue to the city or municipality where such taxes are collected, and
(2) Eighty percent (80%) shall accrue to the RAG.
In all cases, the RAG shall remit to the LGUs their respective shares within sixty (60) days from the end of each quarter of the current year.
Provided, however, that provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays within the area of autonomy shall continue to receive their respective shares in the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), as provided for in Section 284 of the Local Government Code of 1991.
Provided, finally, that the five-year (5) period herein above mentioned may be extended upon mutual agreement of (be national and Regional Autonomous Governments.
E. SHARI'AH AND JUDICIARY
152. The Regional Legislative Assembly of the area of autonomy shall establish Shari'ah Courts in accordance with the existing laws.
F. TOTALITY CLAUSE
153. This Peace Agreement, which is the full implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, embodies and constitutes the totality of all the agreements, to covenant and understandings between the GRP and the MNLF respecting all the subject matters embodied herein. This Agreement supersedes and modifies all agreements, consensus, covenants, documents and communications not referred to or embodied in this Agreement or whose terms and conditions are otherwise inconsistent herewith. Any conflict in the interpretation of this Agreement shall be resolved in the light of the Philippine Constitution and existing laws.
G. EFFECTIVITY CLAUSE
154. This Agreement shall take effect immediately upon the signing hereof by the parties, unless otherwise provided herein.
Done in the City of
For the GRP: For the MNLF:
(Sgd) H.E. AMBASSADOR MANUEL T. YAN
Chairman of the GRP Peace Panel
H.E. PROF. NUR MISUARI
Chairman of the MNLF Peace panel
With the participation of the OIC Ministerial Committee of the Six and the Secretary-General of the OIC.
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자신의 거주지에서 평화롭게 살 권리
지난 4월 26일 밤 12시경 필리핀 마귄다나오(Maguindanao)의 한 마을에서 무장 군인들이 부인과 그의 아이들이 공포에 떨고 있는 앞에서 하킴(가명)을 체포했다. 군인들은 3일 동안 하킴의 온 몸을 꽁꽁 묶고 조사하였으나 아무 것도 발견되지 않자 되돌려 보냈다. 물론 군인들은, 체포영장 제시는커녕 체포 이유에 대하여 전혀 고지하지 않았으며, 체포 당일에는 하킴을 고문했다. 같은 날 그 무장군인들은 하킴 집 근처에 있는 두 집에 영장도 없이 무단 침입하여 무기를 찾는다며 가재도구를 헤집어 놓았다. 사건 내용만 보자면, 일반적으로 발생할 수 있는 인권침해와 별 다를 바 없어 보인다.
그러나, 이곳 피해자들은 동트기 전 자신들이 살고 있던 동네를 떠나 다른 동네로 도망가야만 했다. 언제 또 군인들이 쳐들어올지 몰라 두려웠기 때문이다. 농사를 짓고 살던 이들은 동네를 떠나면서 모든 것을 포기해야만 했다. 아이들도 학교에 가지 못하고 있다. 언제 돌아갈 것이냐는 질문에, 집 근처에 주둔하고 있는 군인들이 떠나지 않는 한 돌아갈 수 없을 것이라고 한다. 그들과의 인터뷰가 사건 발생일로부터 약 1개월이 지난 뒤 이루어졌는데, 그 때까지도 그들의 눈은 두려움에 떨고 있었다. 바라보는 것조차 버거울 정도로. 민다나오의 국내 난민들 민다나오 섬은, 1997년·2000·2003년 정부와 이슬람해방전선(MILF, Moro Islamic Liberation Front) 사이의 세 차례 큰 내전을 겪었다. 민다나오 섬에 가면 아직도 전쟁을 그대로 느낄 수 있다. 총알 흔적이 남아 있는 코코넛 나무들과 완전히 전소해 버린 집들. 그러나 무엇보다 아직까지 집에 돌아가지 못하고 있는 수만 명의 국내 난민들(Inernally Displaced Persons, IDPs, 아래 상자설명 참조)이 전쟁의 비극을 그대로 전달해 준다. 2003년에는 약 20만 명의 국내 난민이 발생했다고 한다.
무고한 이들은 생명만이라도 지키기 위해 옷가지도 제대로 챙기지 못하고 전쟁 지역에서 빠져나왔다. 일부는 친척집으로 피난갔으나, 대다수는 안전하다고 생각되는 지역의 학교나 관청 마당에 모였다. 몇 개월 그곳에서 피난 생활을 한 후 부근 빈터에 임시 처소를 짓고 공동생활에 들어갔다. 식량 배급은 제대로 이루어지지 않았고, 자선단체에서 식수를 위한 우물을 만들어주기 전까지는 마실 물도 제대로 구할 수 없었다. 많은 아이들이 설사병으로 사망하기도 하였다. 이들 대부분이 농민인지라, 피난과 동시에 일자리를 잃었다. 아이들은 피난 생활 초기에는 교실이 없어 학교에 못 갔고, 계속되는 피난생활 기간 동안에는 돈이 없어 학교에 가지 못하고 있다. "그냥, 자신의 집에서 평화롭게 사는 것" 전쟁이 종료 된지 2년이 지났건만, 아직도 많은 사람들이 자신의 집으로 돌아가지 못하고 있다. 가장 큰 이유는, 돌아가더라도 마땅히 먹고 살만한 것이 없다는 것이다(전쟁으로 경작지와 경작에 사용한 동물들을 모두 잃어 버렸다). 그리고, 언제 터질지 모르는 불발탄도 이들의 발길을 막고 있다. 실제로 지난 2월, 격전지 중 한 곳이던 피킷(Pikit)에서 불발탄이 터져 밭에서 일하던 주민이 큰 상처를 입은 사건이 발생했다.
하킴의 가족들과 난민센터에서 만난 분들에게 물어보았다. "당신의 소원이 무엇인가요?" 그들은 주저없이 이야기한다. "당장 집으로 돌아가는 것입니다." 집으로 돌아가 평화롭게 사는 것, 그것이 그들이 간절히 바라는 소원이다. 그냥, 자신의 집에서 평화롭게 사는 것. 전쟁을 멈추기 위해 나선 사람들 민다나오 섬에 사는 국내 난민들은 난민에 대한 지원과 안전한 복귀를 주장하는 시위를 통해 그들의 힘(Bakwit power, Bakwit은 따갈로그어로 국내난민을 의미함)를 보여주었다. 그리고 그들은 더 이상 전쟁의 피해자로 남아있을 수만은 없다면서, 전쟁 감시 역할을 자처하며 주민들을 조직하고 교육하는 일을 하고 있다.
그러나, 많은 사람들이 아직도 전쟁과 군인들의 인권침해에 대한 공포에서 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 그리고 불행하게도, 그들은 전쟁과 인권침해에 상당 부분 노출되어 있다. "평안하셔야 합니다. 제발…아무 일 없어야 합니다." 하킴 부인의 손을 잡으며 간절히 기도했다.
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| <출처 인권하루소식 2005년06월11일/ by 은결> | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 민다나오와 술루의 모로들 | |||||||||||
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피킷에 있는 코코넛 나무. 맨 앞에 있는 나무는 온 몸에 총알 흔적 투성이다. 윗 부분은 폭탄으로 잘려졌다.
술루의 아이들
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